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Roads. --- Steel construction --- Limited access highways

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Computer programs. --- Limited access highways --- Vehicular traffic control

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Pavements, Concrete. --- Limited access highways --- Route surveys --- Vehicular traffic --- Traffic engineering --- International trade --- Highway bridges

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The use of expert or qualitative surveys to rank countries' business investment conditions is widespread. However, within the economic literature there are concerns about measurement error and endogeneity based on characteristics of the respondents, raising questions about how well the data reflect the underlying reality they are trying to measure. This paper examines these concerns using data from 79,000 firms in 105 countries. The findings show that first, qualitative rankings correlate well with quantitative measures of the business environment, using both quantitative measures from within the survey and from external sources. Second, there are systematic variations in perceptions based on firm characteristics - focusing in particular on size and growth performance. However, it is not that an optimistic view of the business environment is simply the expression of a firm's own performance. Rather, firm size and performance affect the relative importance of certain constraints, particularly in areas such as finance, time with officials/inspectors, corruption, and access to reliable electricity. The results also show that much of the variation in subjective responses by firm types is largely due to differences in the objective conditions across firm types. There is little evidence that size and performance have non-linear effects in how constraining a given objective condition is reported to be. Overall, concerns about endogeneity remain in using business environment indicators to explain firm performance, but this stems primarily from the fact that who you are and how well you are doing can affect the conditions you face rather than whether the indicator used is qualitative or quantitative.

Access to Finance --- Access to finance --- Allocative efficiency --- Bribes --- Corruption --- E-Business --- Economic development --- Economic growth --- Empirical evidence --- Employment growth --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- External finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- International bank --- Lack of access --- Limited access --- Limited access to finance --- Metals --- Microfinance --- Multipliers --- Policy makers --- Private Sector Development --- Property rights --- Public goods --- Tax rates --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Wages

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The story of the evolution of the urban freeway, the competing visions that informed it, and the emerging alternatives for more sustainable urban transportation.Urban freeways often cut through the heart of a city, destroying neighborhoods, displacing residents, and reconfiguring street maps. These massive infrastructure projects, costing billions of dollars in transportation funds, have been shaped for the last half century by the ideas of highway engineers, urban planners, landscape architects, and architects--with highway engineers playing the leading role. In Changing Lanes, Joseph DiMento and Cliff Ellis describe the evolution of the urban freeway in the United States, from its rural parkway precursors through the construction of the interstate highway system to emerging alternatives for more sustainable urban transportation.DiMento and Ellis describe controversies that arose over urban freeway construction, focusing on three cases: Syracuse, which early on embraced freeways through its center; Los Angeles, which rejected some routes and then built I-105, the most expensive urban road of its time; and Memphis, which blocked the construction of I-40 through its core. Finally, they consider the emerging urban highway removal movement and other innovative efforts by cities to re-envision urban transportation.

Express highways -- Government policy -- United States -- History. --- Express highways -- United States -- History. --- Express highways --- Business & Economics --- Transportation Economics --- History --- Government policy --- History. --- Controlled access highways --- Express roads --- Expressways --- Freeways --- Interstate highways --- Interstates (Express highways) --- Limited access highways --- Motorways --- Superhighways --- Turnpikes (Modern) --- Roads --- Toll roads --- Government policy&delete& --- E-books --- ARCHITECTURE/Urban Design --- ENVIRONMENT/General --- URBANISM/Transportation