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Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the central nervous system. Despite significant differences in their causes, neuropathological abnormalities, and clinical outcomes, some similarities can be found among them, as for example: 1) frequent aggregation and deposition of misfolded proteins, 2) common molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, and 3) certain overlap in symptoms and clinical features. To date, there is no cure that could stop or delay the progression of these diseases. The advent of advanced gene therapy techniques such as gene silencing and gene editing opened a new avenue for the development of therapeutic strategies for NDs. The discovery of the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, in 1998, by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello allowed an important boost to the gene therapy field, providing a potential therapeutic strategy to treat inherited dominant genetic disorders. The use of small RNA sequences to control the expression of disease-causing genes rapidly implemented in the preclinical studies for different diseases. In the field of NDs, several successful studies using this technology proved its potential as a therapeutic option. However, issues like the type of delivery system (non-viral versus viral) or the potential toxicity of the small RNA molecules, made the translation of gene silencing therapeutics to human application very slow and difficult. Recently, a new hope in the gene therapy field emerged with the development of gene editing techniques like TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9 systems. The opportunity of editing or deleting gene sequences drove the scientific community euphoric, with an enormous increase in the number of published studies using this type of techniques. Recently, the first clinical trial using one of these systems was approved in China. For NDs, gene-editing technology also represents an important therapeutic option, and the first preclinical studies are now being published, showing the potential accomplishment for this technology.

Gene silencing --- Long non-coding RNAs --- RNA interference --- Neurodegenerative diseases --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- Neurodegeneration --- Gene editing --- Antisense oligonucleotides --- Neuroinflammation --- iPS cells --- Gene silencing --- Long non-coding RNAs --- RNA interference --- Neurodegenerative diseases --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- Neurodegeneration --- Gene editing --- Antisense oligonucleotides --- Neuroinflammation --- iPS cells

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Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the central nervous system. Despite significant differences in their causes, neuropathological abnormalities, and clinical outcomes, some similarities can be found among them, as for example: 1) frequent aggregation and deposition of misfolded proteins, 2) common molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, and 3) certain overlap in symptoms and clinical features. To date, there is no cure that could stop or delay the progression of these diseases. The advent of advanced gene therapy techniques such as gene silencing and gene editing opened a new avenue for the development of therapeutic strategies for NDs. The discovery of the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, in 1998, by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello allowed an important boost to the gene therapy field, providing a potential therapeutic strategy to treat inherited dominant genetic disorders. The use of small RNA sequences to control the expression of disease-causing genes rapidly implemented in the preclinical studies for different diseases. In the field of NDs, several successful studies using this technology proved its potential as a therapeutic option. However, issues like the type of delivery system (non-viral versus viral) or the potential toxicity of the small RNA molecules, made the translation of gene silencing therapeutics to human application very slow and difficult. Recently, a new hope in the gene therapy field emerged with the development of gene editing techniques like TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9 systems. The opportunity of editing or deleting gene sequences drove the scientific community euphoric, with an enormous increase in the number of published studies using this type of techniques. Recently, the first clinical trial using one of these systems was approved in China. For NDs, gene-editing technology also represents an important therapeutic option, and the first preclinical studies are now being published, showing the potential accomplishment for this technology.

Gene silencing --- Long non-coding RNAs --- RNA interference --- Neurodegenerative diseases --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- Neurodegeneration --- Gene editing --- Antisense oligonucleotides --- Neuroinflammation --- iPS cells

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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and in particular microRNAs are rapidly becoming the focus of research interest in numerous basic and translational fields, and their importance for many aspects in brain functioning merits special discussion. The wide-scope, multi-targeted and highly efficient manner of ncRNA regulatory activities draws attention to this topic by many, but the available research tools and experimental protocols are still insufficient, and their importance for many aspects in brain functioning merits special discussion. This Research Topic is focused on the search for and exploration of those non-coding RNAs whose activities modulate the multi-levelled functions of the eukaryotic brain. It will strive to cover novel approaches for identifying and establishing ncRNA-target relationships, reports of the affected pathways, inherited and acquired changes in ncRNA functioning and the use of ncRNA mimics and blockade tools for interference with their functions in health and disease. Non-coding RNAs are here to stay, and their impact on our brain’s functioning at the physiology, cell biology, behaviour and immune levels is worth an in-depth journey.

Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Central Nervous System --- MicroRNAs --- Epilepsy --- Schizophrenia --- cholinergic signaling --- long non-coding RNAs --- Alzheimer --- ischemic stroke

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Botany & plant sciences --- posttranscriptional regulation --- RNA processing --- RNA Stability --- RNA structure --- Alternative Splicing --- small RNAs --- MicroRNAs --- long non-coding RNAs --- tran --- posttranscriptional regulation --- RNA processing --- RNA Stability --- RNA structure --- Alternative Splicing --- small RNAs --- MicroRNAs --- long non-coding RNAs --- tran

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This Special Issue of Cancers (Basel) is mainly dedicated to selecting papers from the talks given during the first Joint Meeting on Lung Cancer (JMLC) between the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Texas USA) and the Hospital University Federation (HUF) OncoAge (University Côte d’Azur, Nice, France) (Nice, September 2018). The central theme of JMLC is to discuss new advances and exchange ideas regarding lung cancer. Notably, the talks covered different topics on new therapeutic strategies (targeted therapy and immuno-oncology), molecular and cellular biology, biomarkers, and the epidemiology of lung cancer. Special attention was also given to lung cancer in elderly patients. The articles published in this Special Issue covered subjects such as the assessment of new biomarkers and new approaches for the early detection of lung cancer, epidemiological data, and emphasized a place for the newly characterized cellular pathways in lung cancer, which opens room for therapeutic perspectives for lung cancer patients.

microRNAs --- multiplexed --- screening --- education --- non-smoker --- image analysis --- artificial intelligence --- research --- lung cancer --- spatial analysis --- optimization --- fluorescence --- geriatric assessment --- geriatric interventions --- TNBC --- liquid biopsy --- non-small cell lung cancer --- integrated approaches --- well-being --- hormone-like action --- EGFR mutations --- reversal of EMT --- tumor plasticity --- immune profiling --- macrophage --- multiplexed methodologies --- targeted treatment --- techniques --- immune-oncology --- bioinformatics --- MALAT1 --- long non-coding RNAs --- CD8 T Cells --- personal medicine --- EGFR TKIs --- lncRNA --- hormones --- elderly --- interleukin-1? and immunometabolism --- chromogenic --- xenograft --- metastasis --- PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade --- immunotherapy --- molecular --- cancer tissues --- digital --- NSCLC --- immune blockade --- lung adenocarcinoma --- circulating tumor cells --- brightfield --- non-coding RNAs --- older adults --- cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- aging --- rational therapy