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Book VII of Lucan's De Bello Ciuili recounts the decisive victory of Julius Caesar over Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus on 9 August 48 BCE. Uniquely within Lucan's epic, the entire book is devoted to one event, as the narrator struggles to convey the full horror and significance of Romans fighting against Romans and of the republican defeat. Book VII shows both De Bello Ciuili and its impassioned, partisan narrator at their idiosyncratic best. Lucan's account of Pharsalus well illustrates his poem's macabre aesthetic, his commitment to paradox and hyperbole, and his highly rhetorical presentation of events. This is the first English commentary on this important book for more than half a century. It provides extensive help with Lucan's Latin, and seeks to orientate students and scholars to the most important issues, themes and aspects of this brilliant poem.

Lucan, --- Pharsalus, Battle of, Farsala, Greece, 48 B.C --- Pharsalia (Lucan). --- 48-48 B.C. --- Greece --- Lucan, - 39-65. - Pharsalia. - Liber 7

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Die Studie richtet sich gegen die verbreitete Auffassung, Senecas Tragödien und Lucans Bürgerkriegsepos demonstrieren die Enttäuschung ihrer Autoren darüber, dass die stoische Doktrin angesichts des Bösen im menschlichen Handeln oder unvermeidbarer Schicksalsschläge keine überzeugende Antwort bereithalte. Die Werke beider Dichter setzen gezielt und in paralleler Behandlung die stoischen Fragestellungen zum Spannungsfeld von menschlicher Entscheidungsfreiheit und Determinismus literarisch um. This study contests the widespread view that Seneca's tragedies and Lucan's epic on the civil war express their authors' disappointment at the failure of Stoic doctrine to provide convincing answers to the problems of evil in human behaviour or the inescapable blows of Fate. The works of both writers, parallel in treatment, aim at the representation in literature of the tensions between human free-will and determinism.

Stoics in literature --- Free will and determinism --- Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, --- Lucan, --- Free will and determinism. --- Stoics in literature. --- Compatibilism --- Determinism and free will --- Determinism and indeterminism --- Free agency --- Freedom and determinism --- Freedom of the will --- Indeterminism --- Liberty of the will --- Determinism (Philosophy) --- Pypłacz, Joanna. --- Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, - ca. 4 B.C.-65 A.D. - Tragedies --- Lucan, - 39-65. - Pharsalia

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Lucan --- Lucan, --- Pharsalus, Battle of, Farsala, Greece, 48 BC, in literature --- Epic poetry, Latin --- History and criticism --- Rome --- History --- Literature and the war --- -Pharsalus, Battle of, Farsala, Greece, 48 B.C., in literature --- Pharsalus, Battle of, 48 B.C., in literature --- Latin epic poetry --- Latin poetry --- -Literature and the war. --- Pharsalus, Battle of, Farsala, Greece, 48 B.C., in literature. --- History and criticism. --- Literature and the war. --- Pharsalus, Battle of, Farsala, Greece, 48 B.C., in literature --- Pypłacz, Joanna. --- Epic poetry, Latin - History and criticism --- Lucan, - 39-65 - Pharsalia --- Rome - History - Civil War, 49-45 B.C. - Literature and the war

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Epic poetry, Latin --- Latin language --- Poésie épique latine --- Latin (Langue) --- History and criticism --- Style --- Histoire et critique --- Stylistique --- Virgil. --- Lucan, --- Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius. --- Aeneas (Legendary character) in literature --- Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius --- Rome --- History --- Literature and the war --- -Latin language --- -Punic War, 2nd, 218-201 B.C. --- -Rome in literature --- Punic wars --- Classical languages --- Italic languages and dialects --- Classical philology --- Latin philology --- Latin epic poetry --- Latin poetry --- Lucan --- Virgil --- Virgilio Marone, P. --- Vergilius Maro, Publius --- Vergilīĭ --- Virgile --- Vergílio --- Wergiliusz --- Vergilīĭ Maron, P. --- Vergilīĭ Maron, Publīĭ --- Verhiliĭ Maron, P. --- Vergil --- Virgilio --- Virgilīĭ --- Virgilius Maro, P. --- Virgilius Maro, Publius --- Virgil Maro, P. --- ווירגיל --- וירגיליוס --- ורגיליוס --- מרו, פובליוס ורגיליוס --- فرجيل --- Pseudo-Virgil --- Pseudo Virgilio --- Virgilio Marón, Publio --- Bhārjila --- Silio, --- Silius, --- Silius Italicus, C. --- Silius Italicus, Catius --- Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius, --- Sillius, --- -Literature and the war. --- Aeneas (Legendary character) in literature. --- Punic War, 2nd, 218-201 B.C. --- History and criticism. --- Style. --- Literature and the war. --- In literature. --- Virgilio Marone, P., --- Vergilīĭ, --- Virgile, --- Vergílio, --- Wergiliusz, --- Vergilīĭ Maron, Publīĭ, --- Verhiliĭ Maron, P., --- Vergil, --- Virgilio, --- Virgilīĭ, --- Virgilius Maro, P., --- Virgilius Maro, Publius, --- Virgil Maro, P., --- ווירגיל, --- וירגיליוס, --- ורגיליוס, --- מרו, פובליוס ורגיליוס, --- فرجيل, --- Pseudo-Virgil, --- Pseudo Virgilio, --- Virgilio Marón, Publio, --- Bhārjila, --- Poésie épique latine --- Punic War, 2nd, 218-201 B.C --- Pypłacz, Joanna. --- Epic poetry, Latin - History and criticism --- Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius - Punica --- Lucan, - 39-65 - Pharsalia --- Rome - History - Civil War, 49-45 B.C. - Literature and the war