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Brassica oleracea --- Brassica oleracea --- Pest insects --- Pest insects --- Insect control --- Insect control --- Mamestra brassicae --- Mamestra brassicae --- Plutella xylostella --- Plutella xylostella --- Delia radicum --- Delia radicum --- Brussels sprouts --- Brussels sprouts

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based products are the most successful microbial insecticides to date. This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different kinds of proteins whose specific toxicity has been shown against a wide range of insect orders, nematodes, mites, protozoa, and human cancer cells. Some of these proteins are accumulated in parasporal crystals during the sporulation phase (Cry and Cyt proteins), whereas other proteins are secreted in the vegetative phase of growth (Vip and Sip toxins). Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to different groups (Cry and Vip3 proteins) are widely used to control insect pests and vectors both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops (the so-called Bt crops). Despite the extensive use of these proteins in insect pest control, especially Cry and Vip3, their mode of action is not completely understood. The aim of this Special Issue was to gather information that could summarize (in the form of review papers) or expand (research papers) the knowledge of the structure and function of Bt proteins, as well as shed light on their mode of action, especially regarding the insect receptors. This subject has generated great interest, and this interest has been materialized into the 18 papers of important scientific value in the field (5 reviews and 13 research papers) that have been compiled in this issue.

Research & information: general --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- Plutella xylostella --- Cry1Ac resistance --- trypsin-like midgut protease --- protoxin activation --- Spodoptera spp., Helicoverpa armigera --- Mamestra brassicae --- Anticarsia gemmatalis --- Ostrinia furnacalis --- Cry2Ab toxin --- Bombyx mori --- ATP-binding cassette subfamily a member 2 (ABCA2) --- genome editing --- transcription activator-like effector-nucleases (TALENs) --- HEK293T cell --- functional receptor --- Vip3Aa --- lysosome --- mitochondria --- apoptosis --- Sf9 cells --- Cry1Ab --- oligomer formation --- Sf21 cell line --- Ostrinia nubilalis --- Lobesia botrana --- Leptinotarsa decemlineata --- bioassay --- Cyt2Aa2 toxin --- protein-lipid binding --- erythrocyte membrane --- AFM --- QCM-D --- Asian corn borer --- ABCC2 --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- Cry1Fa --- resistance --- chitin-binding protein --- adhesion --- peritrophic matrix --- Vip3A --- Spodoptera litura --- site-directed mutagenesis --- Cry --- Cyt --- parasporins --- S-layer proteins --- Vip --- Sip --- membrane receptors --- insecticidal activity --- anticancer activity --- Aedes aegypti --- minor proteins --- synergy --- mosquito control --- Bti --- Spodoptera frugiperda --- cadherin --- mode of action of Cry toxin --- insecticidal proteins --- insect resistance --- tobacco budworm --- Bacillus thuringiensis proteins --- coleopteran pests --- structure --- mode of action --- 3D-structure --- biological control --- antimicrobial peptide --- gut microbiota --- vegetative insecticidal proteins --- pyramids --- 3D-Cry toxins --- in vitro evolution --- rational design --- toxin enhancement --- n/a

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Inducible defenses--those often dramatic phenotypic shifts in prey activated by biological agents ranging from predators to pathogens--are widespread in the natural world. Yet research on the inducible defenses used by vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats has largely developed along independent lines. Ralph Tollrian and Drew Harvell seek to change that here. By bringing together leading researchers from all fields to review common themes and explore emerging ideas, this book represents the most current and comprehensive survey of knowledge about the ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Contributors examine organisms as different as unicellular algae and higher vertebrates, and consider defenses ranging from immune systems to protective changes in morphology, behavior, chemistry, and life history. The authors of the review chapters, case studies, and theoretical studies pinpoint unifying factors favoring the evolution of inducible defenses. Throughout, the volume emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, integrating applied and theoretical ecology, evolution, genetics, and chemistry. In addition, Harvell and Tollrian provide an introduction and a conclusion that review the current state of knowledge in the field and identify areas for future research. The contributors, in addition to the editors, are May Berenbaum, Arthur Zangerl, Johannes Järemo, Juha Tuomi, Patric Nilsson, Anurag Agrawal, Richard Karban, Marcel Dicke, Ellen Van Donk, Miquel Lürling, Winfried Lampert, Simon Frost, John Gilbert, Hans-Werner Kuhlmann, Jürgen Kusch, Klaus Heckmann, Luc De Meester, Piotr Dawidowicz, Erik van Gool, Carsten Loose, Stanley Dodson, Christer Brönmark, Lars Pettersson, Anders Nilsson, Bradley Anholt, Earl Werner, Curtis Lively, Frederick Adler, Daniel Grünbaum, and Wilfried Gabriel.

Animal defenses --- Plant defenses. --- Ecology. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Ecologie --- Evolution (Biologie) --- plante. --- defense (comportement animal) --- animal. --- evolution (biologie) --- animal --- Biocenoses. --- Plantes --- Animaux --- Évolution (Biologie) --- Écologie. --- mecanisme de defense (biologie vegetale) --- Adaptation. --- Moyens de defense --- Évolution. --- Moyens de defense. --- Acanthina angelica. --- Acanthocyclops. --- Aceria cladophthirus. --- Archips purpurana. --- Bacillus thuringiensis. --- Biomphalaria mansoni. --- Briareum asbestinum. --- Campoletis sonorensis. --- Candida albicans. --- Celleporaria. --- Chaoborus. --- Daphnia. --- Delia radicum. --- Diacrisia virginica. --- Epischura. --- Eudiaptomus gracilis. --- Euxoa tessellata. --- Filinia mystacina. --- Gorgonacea. --- Helicoverpa zea. --- Lagopus lagopus. --- Lysiphlebus testaceipes. --- Mamestra brassicae. --- Opius dissitus. --- Panonychus ulmi. --- activity of prey. --- adaptation of herbivores. --- allocation costs. --- amplification of defenses. --- barnacles. --- behavioral plasticity. --- biological control. --- bryozoans. --- cabbage. --- canalization. --- cannibalism. --- competition. --- cyclomorphosis. --- design of experiments. --- dragonfly larvae. --- egg size. --- feeding cycle of predators. --- field studies. --- game theory. --- generalist genotypes. --- handling time. --- ingestion rate. --- jasmonic acid. --- kleptoparasitism. --- life-table experiments. --- local adaptation. --- optimal defense theory. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Animal --- Bêtes --- Faune --- Règne animal --- Animalité --- Chez les animaux --- Cimetières d'animaux --- Produits animaux --- Sacrifice d'animaux --- Zoologie --- Animaux dans les ex-libris --- Animaux en papier --- Animaux en verre --- Animaux familiers --- Animaux à fourrure --- Mégafaune --- Fouisseurs --- Animaux de petite taille --- Homéothermes --- Animaux malades --- Animaux sauvages --- Métazoaires --- Poïkilothermes --- Animaux exotiques --- Animaux arboricoles --- Animaux marrons --- Animaux maltraités --- Animaux célèbres --- Animaux momifiés --- Animaux disparus --- Animaux préhistoriques --- Adaptation animale --- Animaux domestiques --- Adaptation --- Adaptation (biologie) --- Adaptation (physiologie) --- Flore --- Plantes non vasculaires --- Plantes vasculaires --- Règne végétal --- Trachéophytes --- Végétation --- Végétaux --- Plants --- Botanique --- Plantes monocarpiques --- Herbe --- Phytocosmétiques --- Musées botaniques --- Cormophytes --- Thallophytes --- Biocénotique --- Communautés biologiques --- Communautés biotiques --- Écologie des populations --- Synécologie --- Biologie des populations --- Chaînes alimentaires --- Associations végétales --- Communautés animales --- Communautés fongiques --- Symbiose --- Écosystèmes --- Adaptation végétale --- Cultures --- Plantes cultivées --- Plantes sauvages --- philosophie --- Aspect symbolique --- Dans l'art --- Droit international --- Industrie et commerce --- Noms vernaculaires --- Composition chimique --- Religion --- matériau d'artistes --- Acclimatation