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The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent one of the relatively few families of extracellular signalling peptides that have been shown in recent decades to be key regulators of metazoan development. FGFs are required for multiple processes in both protostome and deuterostome groups. Given the wide range of regulatory roles attributed to the FGFs, it is perhaps not surprising that misregulation of this signalling pathway has been implicated in a number of human disease conditions. The focus of the present review is to look at the fundamental components of the FGF pathway and illustrate how this highly conserved regulatory cassette has been deployed to regulate multiple, diverse processes during vertebrate development. This review will explore examples from several vertebrate model organisms and include discussions of the role of FGF signalling in regulating the establishment of the mesoderm, neural patterning, morphogenesis, myogenesis, limb development, and the establishment of right-left asymmetry.
Fibroblast growth factors. --- Vertebrates -- Development. --- Vertebrates -- Growth & development. --- Fibroblast Growth Factors --- Chordata --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Animals --- Biological Factors --- Proteins --- Eukaryota --- Peptides --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Organisms --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 --- Vertebrates --- Zoology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Animal Anatomy & Embryology --- Growth factors. --- Growth. --- Fibroblast Growth Factors. --- growth & development. --- Fibroblast growth factor --- Mesoderm --- Neurectoderm --- Xenopus --- Organogenesis --- Somites --- Limb --- MyoD --- Somitogenesis --- Morphogenesis --- Left-right asymmetry --- MAPK --- Sprouty --- ERK --- Map kinase phosphatase --- Signal transduction
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Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of protein tyrosine phosphatases with the ability to dephosphorylate Ser/Thr and Tyr residues from proteins, as well as from other non-proteinaceous substrates including signaling lipids. DUSPs include, among others, MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) and small-size atypical DUSPs. MKPs are enzymes specialized in regulating the activity and subcellular location of MAPKs, whereas the function of small-size atypical DUSPs seems to be more diverse. DUSPs have emerged as key players in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis. DUSPs regulate essential physiological processes, including immunity, neurobiology and metabolic homeostasis, and have been implicated in tumorigenesis, pathological inflammation and metabolic disorders. Accordingly, alterations in the expression or function of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs have consequences essential to human disease, making these enzymes potential biological markers and therapeutic targets. This Special Issue covers recent advances in the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs, and their relevance in human disease.
hematopoietic cells --- DEPArray --- n/a --- neuroblastoma --- liver steatosis --- MAPK phosphatase --- DUSP-4 --- granule neurons --- neuronal differentiation --- DUSP10 --- cytokines --- MAPKs --- single cell analysis --- macrophage --- asthma --- E. coli infection --- MAPK --- Cpp1 --- nucleotide receptors --- atypical DUSP --- RSV --- Pmp1 --- cannabinoids --- astrocytes --- sepsis --- influenza --- signaling --- triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) --- differentiation --- HDAC6 (histone deacetylase isoform 6) --- atypical dual-specificity phosphatases --- microtubules --- respiratory viruses --- MK-STYX (MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphoserine/threonine/tyrosine-binding protein) --- dual-specificity phosphatase --- Msg5 --- TLR signaling --- mitogen-activated protein kinase --- fungal MKPs --- macrophages --- MAP Kinase Phosphatase-2 --- inflammation --- Sdp1 --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- MAP kinases --- MAP kinase phosphatases --- P2X7 --- proliferation --- BDNF --- P2Y13 --- T cell --- hypertriglyceridemia --- integrated omics analysis --- post-translational modification --- rhinovirus --- protein stability --- ubiquitination --- dual-specificity phosphatases --- Mkp-1 --- cancer --- brain metastasis --- HER2 --- COPD --- pseudophosphatase
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