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Mars exploration. --- Trajectory optimization. --- Proving. --- Experiment design. --- Propellant mass ratio.

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Leaching is a primary extractive operation in hydrometallurgical processing, by which a metal of interest is transferred from naturally occurring minerals into an aqueous solution. In essence, it involves the selective dissolution of valuable minerals, where the ore, concentrate, or matte is brought into contact with an active chemical solution known as a leach solution. Currently, the hydrometallurgical processes have a great number of applications, not only in the mining sector—in particular, for the recovery of precious metals—but also in the environmental sector, for the recovery of toxic metals from wastes of various types, and their reuse as valuable metals, after purification. Therefore, there is an increasing need to develop novel solutions, to implement environmentally sustainable practices in the recovery of these valuable and precious metals, with particular reference to critical metals; those included in materials that are indispensable to modern life and for which an exponential increase in consumption is already a reality, or will be in a short-term perspective. For publication in this Special Issue, consideration has been given to articles that contribute to the optimization of the kinetic conditions of innovative hydrometallurgical processes—economic and of low environmental impact—applied to the recovery of valuable and critical metals.

eudialyte --- rare earth elements --- dry digestion --- leaching --- neural network --- uranium --- contaminated groundwater --- permeable reactive barrier --- zero-valent iron --- Al-Ni alloys --- aluminothermic reactions --- reaction rate --- Al master alloys --- kinetics --- Hydrometallurgical processes --- Chalcopyrite --- low-pressure leaching --- mining waste --- hydrometallurgical processes --- leaching kinetic --- thiosulphate leaching --- electrowinning --- gold --- waste printed circuit board --- iodide --- iodine --- ascorbic acid --- precipitation --- thiosulfate oxidation --- catalysis --- oxygen --- high alumina fly ash --- desilication rate --- physical–chemical activation --- alumina silica mass ratio --- refractory gold concentrate --- resources depletion --- reducing harmful emissions --- arsenic --- nitric acid --- shrinking core model --- pyrite --- arsenopyrite --- clays --- nanoscale zero-valent iron --- groundwater --- wastewater --- geochemical characteristics --- pitchblende --- U neutral leaching --- ELZPA ore deposit in Pakistan --- n/a --- physical-chemical activation

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An engaging collection of intriguing problems that shows you how to think like a mathematical physicistPaul Nahin is a master at explaining odd phenomena through straightforward mathematics. In this collection of twenty-six intriguing problems, he explores how mathematical physicists think. Always entertaining, the problems range from ancient catapult conundrums to the puzzling physics of a very peculiar kind of glass called NASTYGLASS-and from dodging trucks to why raindrops fall slower than the rate of gravity. The questions raised may seem impossible to answer at first and may require an unexpected twist in reasoning, but sometimes their solutions are surprisingly simple. Nahin's goal, however, is always to guide readers-who will need only to have studied advanced high school math and physics-in expanding their mathematical thinking to make sense of the curiosities of the physical world.The problems are in the first part of the book and the solutions are in the second, so that readers may challenge themselves to solve the questions on their own before looking at the explanations. The problems show how mathematics-including algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and calculus-can be united with physical laws to solve both real and theoretical problems. Historical anecdotes woven throughout the book bring alive the circumstances and people involved in some amazing discoveries and achievements.More than a puzzle book, this work will immerse you in the delights of scientific history while honing your math skills.

Mathematics --- Almost surely. --- Ambiguity. --- Antiderivative. --- Approximation error. --- Arthur C. Clarke. --- Binomial coefficient. --- Binomial theorem. --- Birthday problem. --- Calculation. --- Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. --- Center of mass (relativistic). --- Centrifugal force. --- Closed-form expression. --- Coefficient. --- Combination. --- Computational problem. --- Conjecture. --- Continued fraction. --- Contradiction. --- Coprime integers. --- Counterexample. --- Crossover distortion. --- Cubic function. --- Derivative. --- Detonation. --- Diameter. --- Dimensional analysis. --- Dirac delta function. --- Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. --- Dissipation. --- Energy level. --- Enola Gay. --- Equation. --- Error. --- Expected value. --- Fermat's Last Theorem. --- Fictitious force. --- G. H. Hardy. --- Geometry. --- Googol. --- Gravitational constant. --- Gravity. --- Grayscale. --- Harmonic series (mathematics). --- Hypotenuse. --- Instant. --- Integer. --- Inverse-square law. --- Irrational number. --- MATLAB. --- Mass ratio. --- Mathematical joke. --- Mathematical physics. --- Mathematical problem. --- Mathematician. --- Mathematics. --- Mean value theorem. --- Metric system. --- Minicomputer. --- Monte Carlo method. --- Natural number. --- Oliver Heaviside. --- Paul J. Nahin. --- Pauli exclusion principle. --- Periodic function. --- Phase transition. --- Prime factor. --- Prime number. --- Probability theory. --- Probability. --- Projectile. --- Pure mathematics. --- Quadratic equation. --- Quadratic formula. --- Quantity. --- Quantum mechanics. --- Quintic function. --- Random number. --- Random search. --- Random walk. --- Remainder. --- Resistor. --- Richard Feynman. --- Right angle. --- Second derivative. --- Simulation. --- Slant range. --- Small number. --- Special case. --- Square root. --- Summation. --- The Drunkard's Walk. --- Theorem. --- Thermodynamic equilibrium. --- Thought experiment. --- Trepidation (astronomy). --- Uniform distribution (discrete). --- Upper and lower bounds. --- Weightlessness. --- Zero of a function.