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This book examines the ethical controversies that have surrounded the design and conduct of international medical research sponsored by industrialized countries or industry, and carried out in developing countries. The chief concern is that research subjects in developing countries may be exploited because sponsors of research employ double standards. One debate focuses on whether the standard of care provided to subjects of medical research in developing countries should be the same as what research subjects receive in North America and Europe. Other concerns are whether the process of obtaining informed consent in developing countries is adequate, and whether prior ethical review of research meets standards that are well established in the industrialized world. Recent international developments show that essential medications can be made affordable and accessible to developing countries, and that double standards need not prevail.
Medical care --- Medical ethics --- Public health --- Soins médicaux --- Ethique médicale --- Santé publique --- Research --- Recherche --- Human Experimentation --- Clinical Trials as Topic --- Research Subjects --- Ethics, Research --- Ethics, Business --- Developing Countries --- Soins médicaux --- Ethique médicale --- Santé publique --- Law --- General and Others --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Biomedical ethics --- Clinical ethics --- Ethics, Medical --- Health care ethics --- Medicine --- Bioethics --- Professional ethics --- Nursing ethics --- Social medicine --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Medical care - Research - Developing countries --- Medical ethics - Developing countries --- Public health - Research - Developing countries
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The main question explored by the book is: How can cross-border access to human genetic resources, such as blood or DNA samples, be governed in such a way as to achieve equity for vulnerable populations in developing countries? The book situates the field of genomic and genetic research within global health and research frameworks, describing the concerns that have been raised about the potential unfairness in exchanges during recent decades. Access to and sharing in the benefits of human biological resources are aspects not regulated by any international legal framework such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, which applies only to the exchange of plants, animals and microorganisms, as well as to associated traditional knowledge. Examples of genetic research perceived as exploitative are provided in order to illustrate the legal vacuum concerning the global governance of human genetic resources. The main conclusions drawn from the legal and ethical analysis are: • Benefit sharing is crucial in order to avoid the exploitation of developing countries in human genetic research. • With functioning research ethics committees, undue inducement is less of a concern in genetic research than in other areas of medical research (e.g. clinical trials). • Concerns remain over research involving indigenous populations; accordingly, recommendations are provided. In drawing these conclusions, the book addresses in detail a highly pressing topic in global bioethics and international law. In this regard, it combines bioethical arguments with jurisprudence, in particular with reference to the law of equity and the legal concepts of duress (coercion), unconscionable dealing, and undue inducement.
Medical ethics -- Developing countries. --- Biology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medical Ethics & Philosophy --- Biology - General --- Medical ethics --- Biomedical ethics --- Clinical ethics --- Ethics, Medical --- Health care ethics --- Medical care --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Bioethics --- Professional ethics --- Nursing ethics --- Social medicine --- Medical ethics. --- Public health laws. --- Theory of Medicine/Bioethics. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Social Structure, Social Inequality. --- Medical Law. --- Communicable diseases --- Public health --- Medical laws and legislation --- Law and legislation --- Law—Philosophy. --- Law. --- Social structure. --- Social inequality. --- Medical laws and legislation. --- Law, Medical --- Medical personnel --- Medical registration and examination --- Physicians --- Surgeons --- Medical policy --- Medical jurisprudence --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Social institutions --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Equality.
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