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Methods of describing random instabilities of importance to frequency and time metrology are covered. Quantities covered include frequency, amplitude, and phase instabilities; spectral densities of frequency, amplitude, and phase fluctuations; and time-domain deviations of frequency fluctuations. In addition, recommendations are made for the reporting of measurements of frequency, amplitude, and phase instabilities, especially in regard to the recording of experimental parameters, experimental conditions, and calculation techniques.

Metrology.

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MetroInd4 0&IoT aims to discuss the contributions both of the metrology for the development of Industry 4 0 and IoT and the new opportunities offered by Industry 4 0 and IoT for the development of new measurement methods and apparatus MetroInd4 0&IoT aims to gather people who work in developing instrumentation and measurement methods for Industry 4 0 and IoT Attention is paid, but not limited to, new technology for metrology assisted production in Industry 4 0 and IoT, Industry 4 0 and IoT component measurement, sensors and associated signal conditioning for Industry 4 0 and IoT, and calibration methods for electronic test and measurement for Industry 4 0 and IoT.

Metrology

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Metrology

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In the modern era of scientific and technological development, the role of measurements and metrology in scientific research is becoming more and more important due to the increase in the testing of various products. Moreover, requirements for the accuracy and reliability of measurement results are increasing significantly and their ranges are expanding. Improving measurement accuracy allows us to identify the shortcomings of certain technological processes and either eliminate them or reduce their influence. This leads to better-quality products and contributes to saving energy and other resources, as well as raw materials and materials. This book discusses relevant aspects of practical metrological activity to establish traceability of measurements while increasing their accuracy and reliability. It also presents procedures for the calibration and testing of measuring instruments.

Metrology.

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Metrology