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"This book aims to give the reader the theoretical and numerical tools to understand, explain, calculate and predict the often non intuitive, observed behaviour of droplets in microsystems. After a chapter dedicated to the general theory of wetting, the book successively. Presents the theory of 3D liquid interfaces, gives the formulas for volume and surface of sessile and pancake droplets, analyses the behaviour of sessile droplets, analyses the behaviour of droplets between tapered plates and in wedges, presents the behaviour of droplets in microchannels investigates the effect of capillarity with the analysis of capillary rise, treats the onset of spontaneous capillary flow in open microfluidic systems, analyses the interaction between droplets, like engulfment, presents the theory and application of electrowetting"--

Microdroplets. --- Microfluidics. --- Capillarity. --- Capillarity --- Microdroplets --- Microfluidics --- Fluidics --- Nanofluids --- Drops --- Matter --- Physics --- Permeability --- Surface chemistry --- Surface tension --- Properties

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Over the last 20 years of microfluidics and chip engineering, so-called “Lab on Chip” technology has led to many exciting results, PhD theses, books, journal publications, several new journals, and commercial products. Trends have shifted from applications in chemistry to cell biology and clinical diagnostics, from electrophoresis and biosensors to digital microfluidics and droplet-based methods, and from micrometre-sized features to nanostructures and molecular self-assembly. And there seem to be no limits in sight. The only problem arising is that academic research continues to proceed at an ever increasing pace compared to the real-world applications and commercialisation of “Lab on Chip”. Therefore, the purpose of this book is to bring together authors in this multidisciplinary field to provide overviewsof two-phase flow, droplets, and digital microfluidics for biological and medical applications. It is currently the only book dedicated to droplets in microfluidics that goes beyond electrowetting methods. Included are the novel areas of next generation sequencing and emulsion PCR (polymerase chain reaction), together with analyses on the ramifications of droplet-based reactions for biochemical assays and their commercial viability.

Chemical engineering. --- Electronics. --- Microdroplets. --- Microfluidics. --- Atomizers --- Microdroplets --- Microfluidics --- Mechanical Engineering --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Chemical Engineering --- Chemistry. --- Analytical chemistry. --- Microelectronics. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Fluidics --- Nanofluids --- Drops --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Bioanalytic chemistry --- Bioanalytical chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytic chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Chemistry --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment

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Efforts to miniaturize sensing and diagnostic devices and to integrate multiple functions into one device have caused massive growth in the field of microfluidics and this integration is now recognized as an important feature of most new diagnostic approaches. These approaches have and continue to change the field of biosensing and diagnostics. In this Special Issue, we present a small collection of works describing microfluidics with applications in biosensing and diagnostics.

History of engineering & technology --- therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) --- aminoglycosides --- size and mobility traps (SMT) --- microfluidics --- numerical techniques --- Microsoft Excel --- finite difference method --- Navier–Stokes --- time dependent flow --- dynamic flow --- initiation of flow --- Poiseuille flow --- point-of-care --- biosensor --- hybrid integration --- acoustofluidics --- cavitation --- micromixing --- optical absorbance --- colorimetry --- salivary potassium --- biomolecules --- microfluidic --- dielectrophoretic immobilization --- CMOS biosensor --- lab-on-chip --- microfluidic probe --- droplet --- sampling --- Taylor dispersion --- diagnostic --- GMR sensor --- whole cell --- microdroplets --- photo-isomerisation --- photokinetics --- opto-mechanics --- conformational states

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This book introduces a unique 3D printing method that prints metal parts by ejecting metal micro-droplets: a low-cost, contactless, and environmentally friendly 3D printing technology. This book follows a deductive approach to describe the fundamentals of metal droplet-based 3D printing and reveal the relationships and unique features among multiple specific techniques used in droplet-based 3D printing. It starts with a general description of the principles and techniques involved in this technology and then focuses on the details of several specific metal droplet-ejection methods. Next, it puts forward various specific 3D printing techniques and illustrates their applications. This book is a valuable reference for scholars and researchers who work on metal 3D printing and other related areas. It is also used as a textbook for college graduate courses in mechanical manufacturing and material processing.

Materials. --- Industrial engineering. --- Production engineering. --- Thermodynamics. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Materials Engineering. --- Industrial and Production Engineering. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Manufacturing engineering --- Process engineering --- Industrial engineering --- Mechanical engineering --- Management engineering --- Simplification in industry --- Engineering --- Value analysis (Cost control) --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Thermodynamics --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Materials --- Metals. --- Microdroplets. --- Three-dimensional printing. --- 3-D printing --- 3D printing --- 3DP (Three-dimensional printing) --- Additive manufacturing --- Drops --- Nanofluids --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy

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The main goal of this Special Issue was to contribute to, highlight and discuss topics related to various aspects of two-phase gas–liquid flows, which can be used both in fundamental sciences and practical applications, and we believe that this main goal was successfully achieved. This Special Issue received studies from Russia, China, Thailand, ROC-Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. We were very grateful to see that all the papers presented findings characterized as unconventional, innovative, and methodologically new. We hope that the readers of the journal Water can enjoy and learn about the experimental and numerical study of two-phase flows from the published material, and share these results with the scientific community, policymakers and stakeholders. Last but not least, we would like to thank Ms. Aroa Wang, Assistant Editor at MDPI, for her dedication and willingness to publish this Special Issue. She is a major supporter of the Special Issues, and we are indebted to her.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- self-aeration --- chute flow --- air concentration --- velocity --- experimental study --- water vapor --- coherent phase --- exclusion zone --- redox potential --- pH --- infrared --- microdroplets --- wall shear stress --- oscillating two-phase fluctuation flow --- heat transfer --- magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) --- dust particles --- capillary waves --- surface wave --- subharmonic --- resonance --- COMSOL --- ultrasonic atomizer --- oil–water–gas flow --- flow pattern --- water holdup --- dimensionless analysis --- hydrodynamics --- high reduced pressure --- flow boiling --- turbulent bubbly flow --- backward-facing step --- PIV/PLIF measurements --- RANS modeling --- flow structure --- gas-droplet turbulent flow --- droplet vaporization and dispersion --- Eulerian modeling --- spray cooling --- transparent heater --- high-speed video recording --- infrared thermography --- n/a --- oil-water-gas flow