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In the wake of the Arab Spring, newly empowered factions in Tunisia and Egypt vowed to work together to establish democracy. In Tunisia, political elites passed a new constitution, held parliamentary elections, and demonstrated the strength of their democracy with a peaceful transfer of power. Yet in Egypt, unity crumbled due to polarization among elites. Presenting a new theory of polarization under authoritarianism, the book reveals how polarization and the legacies of repression led to these substantially divergent political outcomes. The book documents polarization among the opposition in Tunisia and Egypt prior to the Arab Spring, tracing how different kinds of repression influenced the bonds between opposition groups.

Political persecution --- Polarization (Social sciences) --- Philosophy. --- Egypt --- Tunisia --- Politics and government --- Andrew Reynolds. --- Beji Caid Essebsi. --- Democratic Transitions in the Arab World. --- Hosni Mubarak. --- Ibrahim Elbadawi. --- Jason Brownlee. --- Marc Lynch. --- Middle East politics. --- Mohamed Bouazizi. --- Mohamed ElBaradei. --- Mohamed Ghannouchi. --- Mohamed Morsi. --- New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. --- Nidaa Tounes party. --- Omar Suleiman. --- Pathways of Repression and Reform. --- Samir Makdisi. --- Tarek Masoud. --- The Arab Spring. --- The Arab Uprisings Explained. --- Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. --- democratization. --- historical legacies. --- lab experiments. --- mixed methods. --- political psychology. --- process tracing.

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"For many decades, "social revolutions" have been a major focus of social scientific work. Defined by Theda Skocpol in her classic work States and Social Revolutions as "rapid, basic transformations of a society's state and class structures that are accompanied and in part carried through by mass based revolts from below," these types of revolutions have become much less frequent, which has led some political scientists to believe that the age of revolutions is over. Yet as Beissinger argues, while social revolutions are on the decline, another, unrecognized type is on the rise: the "urban civic" revolution. These rebellions (the revolutions in Tunisia and Ukraine, for example) are characterized not by armed rebellion, widespread street-fighting, or urban rioting, but instead by attempts to mobilize as many people as possible in central urban spaces in a concentrated period of time-paralyzing commerce, administration, and society through the power of numbers with the hope of inducing regime collapse. Because much of the theory and understanding of revolutionary activity-and its outcome-is still based around work on social revolutions, social science is working with an outdated understanding of how revolutions happen, and the shape they may take in the future. This book seeks to address this and to demonstrate that revolution as a mass political project of regime-change has actually become more frequent. Using data on the outcomes of 343 revolutionary episodes around the world from 1900 to 2014, Beissinger develops a theory of urban revolution, places this explosion of urban revolutionary contention into global historical perspective, and shows how these revolutions happen and whether and when they succeed. He focuses on how the spatial context of revolt (namely, the city) alters the character of revolutions and the options states have in addressing and repressing them. Crucially, Beissinger argues, cities present certain advantages to revolutionaries; as they succeed, and as urbanization continues, revolutions may see more success than they have historically"--

Sociology, Urban. --- Revolutions. --- Urbanization. --- Regime change. --- 1959 Mosul uprising. --- 1991 uprisings in Iraq. --- 1997 Asian financial crisis. --- 2014 Ukrainian revolution. --- 8888 Uprising. --- Activism. --- Arab Spring. --- Authoritarianism. --- Beer Hall Putsch. --- Black January. --- Bolsheviks. --- Buddhism. --- Carnation Revolution. --- Cedar Revolution. --- Civil society. --- Cold War (1985–91). --- Cold War. --- Communards. --- Communist revolution. --- Contentious politics. --- Corruption Perceptions Index. --- Counter-insurgency. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Counterculture. --- Coup d'état. --- Crowd control. --- Cultural Revolution. --- Decolonization. --- Defection. --- Disruptive innovation. --- Economic development. --- Economic growth. --- Economic stagnation. --- Electoral fraud. --- Emerging technologies. --- Euromaidan. --- Financial crisis of 2007–08. --- Financial crisis. --- Fraternization. --- Globalization. --- Great Depression. --- Guerrilla warfare. --- Gwangju Uprising. --- Hungarian Revolution of 1956. --- Inflation. --- Insurgency. --- International Students' Day. --- Kmara. --- Mass mobilization. --- Meiji Restoration. --- Mexican Revolution. --- Mohamed Bouazizi. --- Mutiny. --- Nonviolent revolution. --- Occupy movement. --- Oppression. --- Orange Revolution. --- People Power Revolution. --- Peterloo Massacre. --- Prediction. --- Probability. --- Protest. --- Public space. --- Reformasi (Malaysia). --- Regime. --- Religion. --- Revolution of 1905. --- Revolution. --- Revolutionary movement. --- Revolutions of 1989. --- Right Sector. --- Right of revolution. --- Romanian Revolution. --- Rose Revolution. --- Saddam Hussein. --- Sidi Bouzid. --- Social revolution. --- Spartacist uprising. --- State within a state. --- Statistical significance. --- Suharto. --- Sunflower Student Movement. --- Technocracy. --- Term limit. --- The True Cost. --- Total war. --- Tunisian Revolution. --- Ukraine without Kuchma. --- United States Bill of Rights. --- Unrest. --- Urban bias. --- Urban revolution. --- Urbanization. --- Vanguardism. --- Velvet Revolution. --- Viktor Yanukovych. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World War I. --- Yemeni Revolution.