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This paper deals with the position and the powers of head of state in the legislative and the executive branch in former socialist systems. It examines the system in countries that emerged from socialist regimes, where the parliamentary system and the function of the President of the Republic as the individual head of state were introduced in the 1990s, namely in 10 (newest) Member States of the European Union. The paper elaborates on the position of the President of the Republic, the extent of the office’s powers, and the resulting cooperation between the office of the President, the executive and legislative bodies, which is also one of the fundamental criteria of the standard classification of political regimes. The powers of the President in the field of legislation are the powers based on which the relationship between the President of the Republic and the legislative authority is established. The analyzed powers that the President exercises vis-à-vis the parliament are the powers of the President in relation to the adoption of an Act, the powers that the President of the Republic has in the domain of announcing parliamentary elections and convening a parliamentary sitting, as well as the powers in the domain of dissolving the parliament and announcing early elections. In the second part the paper focuses on the relationship between the President of the Republic and the government, and, consequently, the President's powers in the formation of the government and the appointing of state officials.

Political structure and processes. --- Politics and government. --- Society and social sciences Society and social sciences. --- legislative --- head of the state --- systems --- socialist systems --- executive branch --- Czech Republic --- Dissolution of parliament --- Dubrovnik --- Estonia --- Motion of no confidence --- Planned economy --- Prime minister --- Veto

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For about eight months in 1968 Czechoslovakia underwent rapid and radical changes that were unparalleled in the history of communist reform; in the eight months that followed, those changes were dramatically reversed. H. Gordon Skilling provides a comprehensive analysis of the events of 1968, assessing their significance both for Czechoslovakia and for communism generally. The author's account is based on all available written sources, including unpublished Communist Party documents and interviews conducted in Czechoslovakia in 1967, 1968, and 1969. He examines the historical background, the main reforms and political forces of 1968, international reactions, the Soviet intervention, and the experiment's collapse, concluding with his reasons for regarding the events of the Prague spring as a movement of revolutionary proportions.The author's account is based on all available written sources, including unpublished Communist Party documents and interviews conducted in Czechoslovakia in 1967, 1968, 1969. He examines the historical background, the main reforms and political forces on 1968, international reactions, the Soviet intervention, and the experiment's collapse, concluding with his reasons for regarding the events of the Prague spring as a movement of revolutionary proportions.Originally published in 1976.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

-Czechoslovakia --- Czechoslovakia --- History --- Politics and government --- HISTORY / Russia & the Former Soviet Union. --- Absolute war. --- Activism. --- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. --- Alexander Dubcek. --- Anti-Party Group. --- Anti-bureaucratic revolution. --- Anti-communism. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Bourgeois nationalism. --- Bratislava. --- Brezhnev Doctrine. --- Censorship. --- Censure. --- Central Committee. --- Chronicle of Current Events. --- Comecon. --- Communist International. --- Communist Party of Slovakia. --- Controversial discussions. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Criticism. --- Czechoslovakia. --- Czechs. --- Days of May. --- De-Stalinization. --- Dean Rusk. --- Demagogue. --- Democratization. --- Diktat. --- Economic democracy. --- Ernest Gellner. --- Ferdinand Peroutka. --- Flexible response. --- Foreign policy. --- German occupation of Czechoslovakia. --- Hungarian Revolution of 1956. --- Imperialism. --- Imre Nagy. --- János Kádár. --- Khrushchevism. --- Little Entente. --- Market socialism. --- Marxism–Leninism. --- Mehmet Shehu. --- Military occupation. --- Motion of no confidence. --- Nationality. --- Nazi propaganda. --- New Course. --- New Departure (Democrats). --- New Economic Policy. --- New class. --- Nonviolent revolution. --- Original position. --- Ostpolitik. --- Peaceful coexistence. --- Police action. --- Political party. --- Politics. --- Popular sovereignty. --- Prague Spring. --- Presidium. --- Proletarian internationalism. --- Protectionism. --- Public diplomacy. --- Quiet Revolution. --- Reformism. --- Reprisal. --- Revisionism (Marxism). --- Revival Process. --- Revolution. --- Robert C. Tucker. --- Samizdat. --- Slovak National Council. --- Slovakia. --- Slovaks. --- Socialism with a human face. --- Socialist Unity Party of Germany. --- Socialist state. --- Sovereignty. --- Soviet Empire. --- Soviet Union. --- Stalinism. --- Statute. --- Subversion. --- Superiority (short story). --- Svazarm. --- Svoboda (political party). --- That Justice Be Done. --- The Future of Socialism. --- The Two Thousand Words. --- Titoism. --- Untouchability. --- Veto. --- Václav Havel. --- War. --- Warsaw Pact. --- West Germany. --- World Trade Organization. --- Yevgeny Yevtushenko.

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A groundbreaking new history of how the Vietnam War thwarted U.S. liberal ambitions in the developing world and at home in the 1960sAt the start of the 1960s, John F. Kennedy and other American liberals expressed boundless optimism about the ability of the United States to promote democracy and development in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. With U.S. power, resources, and expertise, almost anything seemed possible in the countries of the Cold War’s “Third World”—developing, postcolonial nations unaligned with the United States or Soviet Union. Yet by the end of the decade, this vision lay in ruins. What happened? In The End of Ambition, Mark Atwood Lawrence offers a groundbreaking new history of America’s most consequential decade. He reveals how the Vietnam War, combined with dizzying social and political changes in the United States, led to a collapse of American liberal ambition in the Third World—and how this transformation was connected to shrinking aspirations back home in America.By the middle and late 1960s, democracy had given way to dictatorship in many Third World countries while poverty and inequality remained pervasive. As America’s costly war in Vietnam dragged on and as the Kennedy years gave way to the administrations of Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon, America became increasingly risk adverse and embraced a new policy of promoting mere stability in the Third World. Paying special attention to the U.S. relationships with Brazil, India, Iran, Indonesia, and southern Africa, The End of Ambition tells the story of this momentous change, and how international and U.S. events intertwined.The result is an original new perspective on a war that continues to haunt U.S. foreign policy today.

Liberalism --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 --- History --- Influence. --- 1900-1999 --- United States --- United States --- Developing countries --- États-Unis --- Developing countries. --- United States. --- Foreign relations --- Foreign relations --- Foreign economic relations --- Relations extérieures --- Activism. --- Adviser. --- Allen Dulles. --- Ambiguity. --- Amendment. --- Anti-Americanism. --- Anti-communism. --- Appeasement. --- Assassination. --- Austerity. --- Authoritarianism. --- Blockade. --- Centrism. --- Civilian. --- Colonialism. --- Conditionality. --- Containment. --- Criticism. --- De facto. --- Dean Acheson. --- Dean Rusk. --- Decolonization. --- Defection. --- Dictatorship. --- Disgust. --- Dividend. --- Dixiecrat. --- Drought. --- Economic warfare. --- Embargo. --- Embarrassment. --- Failed state. --- Famine. --- Foreign policy. --- Formality. --- Grievance. --- Harris Wofford. --- Herman Talmadge. --- Honorary degree. --- Hostility. --- Humiliation. --- Imperialism. --- Indonesia. --- Insurgency. --- Jawaharlal Nehru. --- John F. Kennedy. --- John Kenneth Galbraith. --- Lame duck (politics). --- Latin America. --- Left-wing politics. --- Lyman Lemnitzer. --- Lyndon B. Johnson. --- Military dictatorship. --- Motion of no confidence. --- Narcissism. --- Neocolonialism. --- Non-Aligned Movement. --- Obstacle. --- Oppression. --- Ostracism. --- Perfidy. --- Prejudice. --- Quantity. --- Racism. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Rapprochement. --- Raw material. --- Reformism. --- Regime change. --- Resource depletion. --- Result. --- Rhodesia. --- Ruler. --- Scarcity. --- Self-consciousness. --- Separatism. --- Setback (architecture). --- Shortage. --- Skepticism. --- Slowdown. --- Southeast Asia. --- Soviet Union. --- Status quo. --- Subsidy. --- Subversion. --- Suharto. --- Sukarno. --- Task force. --- Third World. --- To the Contrary. --- Trade restriction. --- Triumvirate. --- U Thant. --- United States Department of State. --- United States. --- Unpopularity. --- W. Averell Harriman. --- Working group. --- Year. --- Zambia.