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The Global Taxonomy Initiative has provided training opportunities for Parties to apply DNA-sequence based species identification method as a tool for biodiversity management that requires rapid species identification. The method of DNA barcoding has invigorated taxonomic research and is now applied in a wide range of areas, including environmental assessment, food inspection, disease control and public education. DNA barcoding has proven to be a powerful tool for both taxonomists and all biodiversity stakeholders, including women and children, and indigenous peoples and local communities. On the other hand, DNA barcoding practices have raised concerns among the public. These concerns include expatriation of biological specimens, sharing of digital sequence information and associated data with potential value, risks of unapproved changes of research purpose or benefits to be shared. This e-book provides practical advice on international collaborations that comply with the Nagoya Protocol and relevant national laws and regulations.

Nagoya protocol --- barcoding --- Global Taxonomy Initiative

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Study for the implementation in Belgium of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing to the Convention on Biological Diversity, commissioned by the Federal Public Service for Health, Food Chain Safety and the Environment, Environment Directorate-General, Service for multilateral and strategic matters (SPSCAE; Bruxelles Environnement/Leefmilieu Brussel (IBGE-BIM); Vlaamse overheid, Departement Leefmilieu, Natuur en Energie (LNE); Service public de Wallonie, Direction générale opérationnelle Agriculture, Ressources naturelles et Environnement (DGARNE).

Nagoya Protocol --- access and benefit-sharing (ABS) --- Belgium --- Convention on Biological Diversity --- genetic resources

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The Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing is an international environmental agreement that concerns environmental sustainability, other sustainable development issues and equity. It addresses a complex subject matter that affects a range of research, development and commercial activities and is relevant to different areas of international law such as human rights, intellectual property rights, health, food and oceans. Unraveling the Nagoya Protocol identifies textual, contextual and systemic interpretative questions and suggests solutions that aim to give a coherent and balanced meaning to the text of the Protocol. Offering a systematic discussion of the Protocol’s legal innovations against the background of general international law, this commentary aims to be of use to international biodiversity law scholars and practitioners, as well as to international lawyers that approach access and benefit-sharing for the first time.

Biodiversity conservation --- Nature conservation --- Renewable natural resources --- Sustainable development --- Environmental law, International. --- Law and legislation. --- Convention on Biological Diversity --- Biodiversity conservation -- Law and legislation. --- Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). Protocols, etc., 2010 October 29. --- Nature conservation -- Law and legislation. --- Renewable natural resources -- Law and legislation. --- International environmental law --- International law --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- Law and economic development --- Environmental law --- law and legislation. --- Convention on Biological Diversity (1992 June 5) --- Biological diversity conservation --- Law and legislation --- Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) --- Treaties, etc. (United States) --- Konvent︠s︡ii︠a︡ pro biolohichne riznomanitti︠a︡ --- United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity --- Konvent︠s︡ii︠a︡ pro biolohichne rozmaïtti︠a︡ --- Convention sur la diversité biologique --- Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica --- Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica --- Abkommen über die biologische Vielfältigkeit --- Sopimus biologisesta vaihtelevuudesta --- Convenzione sulla Diversitá Biologica --- Sheng wu duo yang xing gong yue --- Convención sobre Diversidad Biológica --- Convenio sobre biodiversidad --- CBD --- Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing --- Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity --- Biodiversity --- Human rights --- Indigenous peoples --- International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture --- Nagoya Protocol --- Traditional knowledge --- United Nations --- United Nations Environment Programme

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There is talk of an upcoming antibiotic armageddon, with untreatable post-operative infections, and similarly untreatable complications after chemotherapy. Indeed, the now famous “O’Neill Report” (https://amr-review.org/) suggests that, by 2050, more people might die from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. While we are still learning all the subtle drivers of antibiotic resistance, it seems increasingly clear that we need to take a “one health” approach, curtailing the use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. However, there are no new classes of antibiotics on our horizon. Maybe something that has been around “forever” can come to our rescue—bacteriophages! Nevertheless, it is also necessary to do things differently, and use these new antimicrobials appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth study of bacteriophage biology and case-by-case applications might be required. Whilst by no means comprehensive, this book does cover some of the many topics related to bacteriophages as antimicrobials, including their use in human therapy and aquaculture. It also explores the potential use of phage endolysins as substitutes of antibiotics in two sectors where there is an urgent need—human therapy and the agro-food industry. Last but not least, there is an excellent perspective article on phage therapy implementation.

Medicine --- bacteriophages --- dairy industry --- pathogens --- lactic acid bacteria --- fermentation failure --- biofilms --- antimicrobial resistance --- antimicrobials --- lysins --- horizontal gene transfer, transduction --- biofilm --- phage therapy --- resistance --- bacteriophage --- models --- agent based --- mass action --- bacterial phage resistance --- regression modeling --- MRSA --- Clostridium difficile --- Clostridium difficile infection --- microbiome --- in vitro fermentation model --- marine vibrios --- biological control --- aquaculture --- interactions --- vibriosis --- Aeromonas hydrophila --- Motile Aeromonas Septicemia --- MAS --- multiple-antibiotic-resistance --- striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) --- endolysin --- antibiotics --- one health --- protein engineering --- Aeromonas salmonicida --- furunculosis --- phage-resistant mutants --- proteins --- infrared spectroscopy --- lysin --- lytic enzyme --- peptidoglycan hydrolase --- antimicrobial --- antibacterial --- antibiotic resistance --- bacteriophage therapy --- Nagoya Protocol --- CRISPR CAS --- phage isolation --- phage resistance --- Staphylococcus --- Kayvirus --- Vibrio anguillarum --- fish larvae --- challenge trials --- phage display --- enzybiotics --- Bacteriophages --- diabetic foot ulcer --- osteomyelitis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Antibiotic-resistant bacteria --- lysogenic conversion --- prophage induction --- read recruitment --- shiga toxin --- American Foulbrood --- phage --- Paenibacillus larvae --- Brevibacillus laterosporus --- treatment --- safety --- bystander phage therapy --- Mycobacterium smegmatis --- mycobacteriophages --- directed evolution --- PlyC CHAP --- protein net charge --- CBD-independent --- FoldX --- STEC-specific bacteriophage --- whole genome sequencing --- STEC O145 strains --- antimicrobial agent --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- dual-species --- antibiotic --- synergy --- simultaneous --- sequential --- microbiome therapy --- evolution

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There is talk of an upcoming antibiotic armageddon, with untreatable post-operative infections, and similarly untreatable complications after chemotherapy. Indeed, the now famous “O’Neill Report” (https://amr-review.org/) suggests that, by 2050, more people might die from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. While we are still learning all the subtle drivers of antibiotic resistance, it seems increasingly clear that we need to take a “one health” approach, curtailing the use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. However, there are no new classes of antibiotics on our horizon. Maybe something that has been around “forever” can come to our rescue—bacteriophages! Nevertheless, it is also necessary to do things differently, and use these new antimicrobials appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth study of bacteriophage biology and case-by-case applications might be required. Whilst by no means comprehensive, this book does cover some of the many topics related to bacteriophages as antimicrobials, including their use in human therapy and aquaculture. It also explores the potential use of phage endolysins as substitutes of antibiotics in two sectors where there is an urgent need—human therapy and the agro-food industry. Last but not least, there is an excellent perspective article on phage therapy implementation.

bacteriophages --- dairy industry --- pathogens --- lactic acid bacteria --- fermentation failure --- biofilms --- antimicrobial resistance --- antimicrobials --- lysins --- horizontal gene transfer, transduction --- biofilm --- phage therapy --- resistance --- bacteriophage --- models --- agent based --- mass action --- bacterial phage resistance --- regression modeling --- MRSA --- Clostridium difficile --- Clostridium difficile infection --- microbiome --- in vitro fermentation model --- marine vibrios --- biological control --- aquaculture --- interactions --- vibriosis --- Aeromonas hydrophila --- Motile Aeromonas Septicemia --- MAS --- multiple-antibiotic-resistance --- striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) --- endolysin --- antibiotics --- one health --- protein engineering --- Aeromonas salmonicida --- furunculosis --- phage-resistant mutants --- proteins --- infrared spectroscopy --- lysin --- lytic enzyme --- peptidoglycan hydrolase --- antimicrobial --- antibacterial --- antibiotic resistance --- bacteriophage therapy --- Nagoya Protocol --- CRISPR CAS --- phage isolation --- phage resistance --- Staphylococcus --- Kayvirus --- Vibrio anguillarum --- fish larvae --- challenge trials --- phage display --- enzybiotics --- Bacteriophages --- diabetic foot ulcer --- osteomyelitis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Antibiotic-resistant bacteria --- lysogenic conversion --- prophage induction --- read recruitment --- shiga toxin --- American Foulbrood --- phage --- Paenibacillus larvae --- Brevibacillus laterosporus --- treatment --- safety --- bystander phage therapy --- Mycobacterium smegmatis --- mycobacteriophages --- directed evolution --- PlyC CHAP --- protein net charge --- CBD-independent --- FoldX --- STEC-specific bacteriophage --- whole genome sequencing --- STEC O145 strains --- antimicrobial agent --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- dual-species --- antibiotic --- synergy --- simultaneous --- sequential --- microbiome therapy --- evolution