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Background: With the aging of the population and the increasing prevalence of degenerative diseases of the spine, neurosurgeons need to perform more lumbar fusions during which pedicle screws are inserted. Actually, these operations are carried out percutaneously, thus the surgeons are dependent on the intraoperative imagery in order to replace the anatomical reference marks present in open procedures. In our institution, we recently acquired a system of neuronavigation based intra operative 3D fluoroscopy. Objectives: First, to compare the accuracy of pedicles screws inserted by intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy based neuronavigation compared to intra operative 3D fluoroscopy only. Secondly, make the same comparison in terms of postoperative complications, duration of the surgery and operative irradiation. Thirdly, Review the literature on the subject. Methods: Non-randomized prospective study. From October 2009 to September 2016, 438 percutaneous pedicle screws were inserted in 102 adult patients without neuronavigation (Group F30) and 248 in 59 patients with neuronavigation (Group B). The precision of the screws was determined according to the Wang classification on intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy or postoperative CT (Grade 0 : no cortical breach, Grade 1 : breach < 2 mm, Grade 2 : 2-4 mm, Grade 3 : > 4mm) before and after intraoperative repositioning. Only complications related to the surgical procedure were reported. Duration of operation (minutes) and irradiation (µGy.m2) data were acquired after surgery. For the review of the literature, MEOLINE studies comparing the accuracy of percutaneous lumbar pedicle screws between 3D fluoroscopy without neuronavigation vs. 3D fluoroscopy with neuronavigation were selected.Results: Demographic characteristics of groups F30 and F30Nav are comparable. 84, 2% and 96,8% screws were Grade 0 respectively for groups F30 and F30Nav (p < 0,001). Intraoperative 3D control allowed repositioning 11 screws in group F30 and 5 in group F30Nav. 14 complications occur in group F30 and 4 in group F30Nav (p > 0,05). Most of them (10/14) are dural tears. The mean duration of interventions is 270 +/- 91 minutes in group F30 and 257 +/- 71 minutes in group F30Nav (p > 0,05). The mean operative irradiation per patient is 11 950,40 µGy.m2 in group F30 and 10 500,53 µGy.m2 in group F30Nav (p > 0,05). For the review of the literature, no papers meeting the initial criteria were found. Conclusion: Neuronavigation appears more accurate than 3D fluoroscopy only. However, we didn't find any differences regarding complications, duration of operation and irradiation of the patient. Contexte de départ : Avec le vieillissement de la population et la prévalence croissante des pathologies dégénératives du rachis, les neurochirurgiens sont de plus en plus amenés à réaliser des fusions lombaires au cours desquelles des vis pédiculaires sont insérées. Ces opérations se faisant actuellement par voie percutanée, les chirurgiens sont dépendants de l'imagerie intra opératoire afin de remplacer les repères anatomiques normalement présents lors des opérations par voie ouverte. Dans ce but, notre institution a récemment acquis un système de neuronavigation basé sur la fluoroscopie 3D intra opératoire. Objectifs : Premièrement, comparer la précision du positionnement des vis pédiculaires grâce à la neuronavigation basée sur la fluoroscopie 3D intra opératoire par rapport à la fluoroscopie 3D intra opératoire seule. Deuxièmement, faire la même comparaison en termes de complications, durée opératoire et irradiation opératoire. Troisièmement, effectuer une revue de littérature sur le sujet. Méthodes : Etude prospective non randomisée. D'octobre 2009 à septembre 2016, 438 vis ont été placées par voie percutanée chez 102 patients adultes sans la neuronavigation (Groupe F3D) et 248 chez 59 patients avec la neuronavigation (Groupe F3DNav). La précision des vis a été déterminée selon la méthode de Wang sur les images 3D intra opératoires ou sur le CT post-opératoire (Grade 0 : pas de brèche corticale, Grade 1 : brèche < 2 mm, Grade 2 : 2-4 mm, Grade 3 : > 4mm) avant et après l'éventuel repositionnement intra opératoire. Seules les complications en rapport avec l'intervention chirurgicale ont été retenues. Les données concernant la durée de l'opération (minutes) et l'irradiation (µGy.m') ont été acquises après la chirurgie. Pour la revue de littérature, les études répertoriées dans MEDLlNE comparant la précision des vis pédiculaires percutanées entre la fluoroscopie 3D sans la neuronavigation et la fluoroscopie 3D avec la neuronavigation ont été sélectionnées. Résultats : Les caractéristiques démographiques des groupes F3D et F3DNav sont comparables. 84,2% et 96,8% des vis sont de grade 0 respectivement pour les groupes F3D et F3DNav (p < 0,001). Le contrôle 3D intra opératoire a permis de repositionner 11 vis dans le groupe F3D et 5 dans le groupe F3DNav. 14 complications ont été recensées dans le groupe F3D et 4 dans le groupe F3DNav (p > 0,05). La majorité d'entre elles (10/14) sont des brèches durales. La durée moyenne des interventions est de 270 +/- 91 minutes dans le groupe F3D et de 257 +/- 71 minutes dans le groupe F3DNav (p > 0,05). L'irradiation opératoire moyenne par patient est de 11 950,40 µGy.m2 dans le groupe F3D et 10 500,53 µGy.m² dans le groupe F3DNav (p > 0,05). Pour la revue de littérature, aucun article remplissant les critères de départ ne fut trouvé. Conclusion : En termes de précision, la neuronavigation apparait plus efficace que la fluoroscopie 3D seule. En revanche, on ne trouve pas de différence pour les complications, la durée opératoire ou l'irradiation du patient.

Fluoroscopy --- Neuronavigation --- Spinal Diseases

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Principles of Stereotactic Radiosurgery is the only contemporary, comprehensive reference for neurosurgeons and radiation oncologists using Gamma Knife and Linear Accelerator technology. Each chapter includes specific case presentations representative of the most commonly treated conditions, including applications for spinal disorders. Chapters conclude with counterpoint experiences, oriented to treatment options other than radiosurgery (i.e., medical management, standard surgery). These counterpoint discussions are written by noted experts and address in greater detail the indications, results and complications of their approach and enable readers to improve decision making with regard to choosing treatment options for their own patients. Also included is information on important non-surgical aspects of radiosurgery, including site construction, regulatory and billing issues, legal concerns, and nursing care issues. The editors have treated over 3000 patients using this technology, and international contributors share their experience as well.

Medicine & Public Health. --- Surgery. --- Neurosurgery. --- Neuroradiology. --- Surgical Oncology. --- Medicine. --- Medical radiology --- Cancer --- Médecine --- Radiologie médicale --- Chirurgie --- Radiosurgery. --- Stereoencephalotomy. --- Therapy, Computer-Assisted --- Stereotaxic Techniques --- Nervous System Neoplasms --- Radiotherapy --- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted --- Central Nervous System Neoplasms --- Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted --- Neuronavigation --- Radiosurgery --- Radiotherapy Dosage --- Diagnostic Imaging --- Decision Making, Computer-Assisted --- Investigative Techniques --- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted --- Therapeutics --- Neurosurgical Procedures --- Neoplasms by Site --- Nervous System Diseases --- Diagnosis --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Diseases --- Medical Informatics Applications --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Neoplasms --- Medical Informatics --- Information Science --- Surgery & Anesthesiology --- Surgery - General and By Type --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Gamma knife radiosurgery --- Stereotaxic surgery --- Surgery, Stereotaxic --- Surgical oncology. --- Nervous system --- Brain --- Stereotaxic techniques --- Surgery --- Radiology, Medical. --- Surgery, Primitive --- Medicine --- Oncologic surgery --- Oncological surgery --- Surgical oncology --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Medical physics --- Nerves --- Neurosurgery --- Excision --- Treatment --- Neuroradiography --- Neuroradiology

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is being increasingly used in neuroscience and clinics. Modern advances include but are not limited to the combination of TMS with precise neuronavigation as well as the integration of TMS into a multimodal environment, e.g., by guiding the TMS application using complementary techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), or magnetoencephalography (MEG). Furthermore, the impact of stimulation can be identified and characterized by such multimodal approaches, helping to shed light on the basic neurophysiology and TMS effects in the human brain. Against this background, the aim of this Special Issue was to explore advancements in the field of TMS considering both investigations in healthy subjects as well as patients.

Medical equipment & techniques --- brain stimulation --- fiber tractography --- glioblastoma multiforme --- gray matter --- language mapping --- navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation --- Autism spectrum disorder --- evoked and induced gamma oscillations --- EEG --- TMS --- oddball task --- reaction time --- aberrant and repetitive behaviors --- repetition suppression --- neuroplasticity --- transcranial magnetic stimulation --- paired associative stimulation --- nTMS --- intensive care --- motor mapping --- ICU --- neurocritical care --- neuromonitoring --- functional mapping --- motor evoked potentials --- aging --- excitability --- connectivity --- plasticity --- brain tumor --- bilingual --- language --- preoperative mapping --- case report --- CD73 --- adenosine --- A2AR --- A1R --- neuroinflammation --- theta-burst stimulation --- rTMS --- purinergic signaling --- electric field --- eloquent cortex --- motor threshold --- neuronavigation --- presurgical evaluation --- chronic pain --- low back pain --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation --- neuromodulation --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex --- primary motor cortex --- picture naming --- bihemispheric --- action naming --- object naming --- memory --- hippocampus --- brain networks --- non-invasive brain stimulation --- mild cognitive impairment --- Alzheimer’s disease --- stroke --- aphasia --- iTBS --- fMRI --- rehabilitation --- alpha oscillations --- functional connectivity --- source reconstruction --- MEG --- EEG state-dependent TMS --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is being increasingly used in neuroscience and clinics. Modern advances include but are not limited to the combination of TMS with precise neuronavigation as well as the integration of TMS into a multimodal environment, e.g., by guiding the TMS application using complementary techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), or magnetoencephalography (MEG). Furthermore, the impact of stimulation can be identified and characterized by such multimodal approaches, helping to shed light on the basic neurophysiology and TMS effects in the human brain. Against this background, the aim of this Special Issue was to explore advancements in the field of TMS considering both investigations in healthy subjects as well as patients.

brain stimulation --- fiber tractography --- glioblastoma multiforme --- gray matter --- language mapping --- navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation --- Autism spectrum disorder --- evoked and induced gamma oscillations --- EEG --- TMS --- oddball task --- reaction time --- aberrant and repetitive behaviors --- repetition suppression --- neuroplasticity --- transcranial magnetic stimulation --- paired associative stimulation --- nTMS --- intensive care --- motor mapping --- ICU --- neurocritical care --- neuromonitoring --- functional mapping --- motor evoked potentials --- aging --- excitability --- connectivity --- plasticity --- brain tumor --- bilingual --- language --- preoperative mapping --- case report --- CD73 --- adenosine --- A2AR --- A1R --- neuroinflammation --- theta-burst stimulation --- rTMS --- purinergic signaling --- electric field --- eloquent cortex --- motor threshold --- neuronavigation --- presurgical evaluation --- chronic pain --- low back pain --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation --- neuromodulation --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex --- primary motor cortex --- picture naming --- bihemispheric --- action naming --- object naming --- memory --- hippocampus --- brain networks --- non-invasive brain stimulation --- mild cognitive impairment --- Alzheimer’s disease --- stroke --- aphasia --- iTBS --- fMRI --- rehabilitation --- alpha oscillations --- functional connectivity --- source reconstruction --- MEG --- EEG state-dependent TMS --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease

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This book constitutes the refereed joint proceedings of the First International Workshop on OR 2.0 Context-Aware Operating Theaters, OR 2.0 2018, 5th International Workshop on Computer Assisted Robotic Endoscopy, CARE 2018, 7th International Workshop on Clinical Image-Based Procedures, CLIP 2018, and the First International Workshop on Skin Image Analysis, ISIC 2018, held in conjunction with the 21st International Conference on Medical Imaging and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2018, in Granada, Spain, in September 2018. The 11 full papers presented at OR 2.0 2018, the 5 full papers presented at CARE 2018, the 8 full papers presented at CLIP 2018, and the 10 full papers presented at ISIC 2018 were carefully reviewed and selected. The OR 2.0 papers cover a wide range of topics such as machine vision and perception, robotics, surgical simulation and modeling, multi-modal data fusion and visualization, image analysis, advanced imaging, advanced display technologies, human-computer interfaces, sensors. The CARE papers cover topics to advance the field of computer-assisted and robotic endoscopy. The CLIP papers cover topics to fill gaps between basic science and clinical applications. The ISIC papers cover topics to facilitate knowledge dissemination in the field of skin image analysis, as well as to host a melanoma detection challenge, raising awareness and interest for these socially valuable tasks.

Artificial intelligence. --- Computer vision. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Software engineering. --- Information systems. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Image Processing and Computer Vision. --- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems. --- Information Systems and Communication Service. --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Machine vision --- Vision, Computer --- Artificial intelligence --- Image processing --- Pattern recognition systems --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Surgery, Computer-Assisted. --- Robotic Surgical Procedures. --- Skin --- diagnostic imaging. --- Robot-Enhanced Procedures --- Robot-Enhanced Surgery --- Surgical Procedures, Robotic --- Procedure, Robot-Enhanced --- Procedure, Robotic Surgical --- Procedures, Robot-Enhanced --- Procedures, Robotic Surgical --- Robot Enhanced Procedures --- Robot Enhanced Surgery --- Robot-Enhanced Procedure --- Robot-Enhanced Surgeries --- Robotic Surgical Procedure --- Surgeries, Robot-Enhanced --- Surgery, Robot-Enhanced --- Surgical Procedure, Robotic --- Robotics --- Computer-Aided Surgery --- Computer-Assisted Surgery --- Image-Guided Surgery --- Surgery, Image-Guided --- Computer Aided Surgery --- Computer Assisted Surgery --- Computer-Aided Surgeries --- Computer-Assisted Surgeries --- Image Guided Surgery --- Image-Guided Surgeries --- Surgeries, Computer-Aided --- Surgeries, Computer-Assisted --- Surgeries, Image-Guided --- Surgery, Computer Assisted --- Surgery, Computer-Aided --- Surgery, Image Guided --- Augmented Reality --- Neuronavigation --- Image-Guided Biopsy --- Computer communication networks. --- Diagnostic imaging --- Digital techniques --- Clinical imaging --- Imaging, Diagnostic --- Medical diagnostic imaging --- Medical imaging --- Noninvasive medical imaging --- Diagnosis, Noninvasive --- Imaging systems in medicine --- Optical data processing. --- Computer communication systems. --- Special purpose computers. --- Computers. --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Special purpose computers --- Computers --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Optical computing --- Visual data processing --- Integrated optics --- Photonics --- Distributed processing --- Optical equipment --- Computer networks. --- Computers, Special purpose. --- Computer Vision.