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Mosaic Viruses --- RNA Replicase --- Zinc --- RNA Nucleotidyltransferases --- enzymology --- immunology --- pharmacology --- isolation & purification
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Protein Transcription is a key element of cellular and organ regulation. This volume covers structure and function of all major elements associated with transcription.*Mechanism of RNA polymerase I Transcription*Structure and function of RNA Polymerase II*Structure and function of the TFIID complex*Functional properties of Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes*Posttranslational modification
Genetic transcription --- Eukaryotic cells. --- RNA polymerases. --- Transcription factors. --- Histones. --- Regulation. --- Basic proteins --- Chromatin --- Nucleoproteins --- Genetic transcription factors --- Proteins --- DNA-dependent RNA polymerases --- DNA-directed RNA polymerases --- Polymerases, RNA --- Ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferases --- RNA nucleotidyltransferases --- Transferases --- Eucaryotic cells --- Cells --- Protista --- Genetic regulation
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This volume of Methods in Enzymology aims to provide a reference for the diverse, powerful tools used to analyze RNA helicases. The contributions in this volume cover the broad scope of methods in the research on these enzymes. Several chapters describe quantitative biophysical and biochemical approaches to study molecular mechanisms and conformational changes of RNA helicases. Further chapters cover structural analysis, examination of co-factor effects on several representative examples, and the analysis of cellular functions of select enzymes. Two chapters outline approaches to the analys
Catalytic RNA. --- RNA Helicases. --- RNA Nucleotidyltransferases --- RNA --- Nucleotidyltransferases --- Nucleic Acids --- Phosphotransferases --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Transferases --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- RNA, Messenger --- RNA Helicases --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Messenger RNA --- Physiological transport. --- Metabolism. --- analysis. --- Catalytic rna. --- Messenger rna --- Rna helicases --- Analysis. --- Ribonucleic acid enzymes --- Ribozymes --- RNA enzymes --- Non-coding RNA --- Nucleases
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RNA polymerase is molecule important to gene transcription. Along with associated factors, RNA polymerase is part of the process in which RNA is transcribed to produce a protein.* Models and methods for studying polymerase translocation* Assay for movements of RNA polymerase along DNA* Engineering of elongation complexes of bacterial and yeast RNA polymerases
RNA polymerases. --- Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Transcription factors. --- Genetic transcription. --- Transcription (Genetics) --- Genetic transcription factors --- DNA-dependent RNA polymerases --- DNA-directed RNA polymerases --- Polymerases, RNA --- Ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferases --- RNA nucleotidyltransferases --- ARN polymérases --- Genetic transcription --- Genetische transcriptie --- RNA polymerasen --- RNA polymerases --- Transcriptie [Genetische ] --- Transcription génétique --- Enzymology --- Genetic code --- Proteins --- Transferases --- RNA POLYMERASES --- TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC --- CHROMATIN --- TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS --- BIOLOGICAL STUDIES --- Rna polymerases --- Transcription factors
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DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase --- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases --- Enzyme Inhibitors. --- Antibiotics --- -DNA polymerases --- -RNA polymerases --- -DNA-dependent RNA polymerases --- DNA-directed RNA polymerases --- Polymerases, RNA --- Ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferases --- RNA nucleotidyltransferases --- Transferases --- Deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferases --- DNA-dependent DNA polymerases --- DNA-directed DNA polymerases --- DNA nucleotidyltransferases --- Nucleotidyltransferases, Deoxyribonucleate --- Polymerases, DNA --- Zinc enzymes --- Polymerase chain reaction --- Anti-infective agents --- Microbial metabolites --- Allelopathic agents --- Antibiosis --- Pharmaceutical microbiology --- Phytoncides --- Inhibitors, Enzyme --- Enzymes --- Sulfhydryl Reagents --- antagonists & inhibitors. --- Physiological effect --- -Congresses --- Inhibitors --- antagonists & inhibitors --- -antagonists & inhibitors. --- DNA polymerases --- RNA polymerases --- Congresses. --- Enzyme Inhibitors --- DNA-dependent RNA polymerases --- Physiological effect&delete& --- Congresses --- Inhibitors&delete& --- Enzyme Inhibitor --- Inhibitor, Enzyme --- DNA Polymerase Inhibitors --- Inhibitors, DNA Synthesis --- Inhibitors, Nucleic Acid Synthesis --- Inhibitors, RNA Synthesis --- DNA Polymerase Inhibitor --- DNA Synthesis Inhibitor --- DNA Synthesis Inhibitors --- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitor --- RNA Synthesis Inhibitor --- RNA Synthesis Inhibitors --- Inhibitor, DNA Polymerase --- Inhibitor, DNA Synthesis --- Inhibitor, RNA Synthesis --- Inhibitors, DNA Polymerase --- Polymerase Inhibitor, DNA --- Polymerase Inhibitors, DNA --- Synthesis Inhibitor, DNA --- Synthesis Inhibitor, RNA --- Synthesis Inhibitors, DNA --- Synthesis Inhibitors, RNA --- DNA --- RNA --- ENZYME INHIBITORS --- CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
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Enzymology --- Molecular biology --- RNA polymerases --- ARN polymérases --- Congresses --- Congrès --- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases. --- -DNA-dependent RNA polymerases --- DNA-directed RNA polymerases --- Polymerases, RNA --- Ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferases --- RNA nucleotidyltransferases --- Transferases --- Congresses. --- -Congresses --- ARN polymérases --- Congrès --- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases --- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase --- RNA Polymerase --- Transcriptase --- DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases --- RNA Polymerases --- Transcriptases --- DNA Dependent RNA Polymerases --- DNA Directed RNA Polymerase --- DNA Directed RNA Polymerases --- Polymerase, DNA-Directed RNA --- Polymerase, RNA --- Polymerases, DNA-Dependent RNA --- Polymerases, DNA-Directed RNA --- RNA Polymerase, DNA-Directed --- RNA Polymerases, DNA-Dependent --- RNA Polymerases, DNA-Directed --- DNA-dependent RNA polymerases --- Information, biological --- Rna polymerases
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The work reported in this book represents an excellent example of how creative experimentation and technology development, complemented by computational data analysis, can yield important insights that further our understanding of biological entities from a systems perspective. The book describes how the study of a single RNA-binding protein and its interaction sites led to the development of the novel ‘protein occupancy profiling’ technology that for the first time captured the mRNA sequence space contacted by the ensemble of expressed RNA binders. Application of protein occupancy profiling to eukaryotic cells revealed that extensive sequence stretches in 3’ UTRs can be contacted by RBPs and that evolutionary conservation as well as negative selection act on protein-RNA contact sites, suggesting functional importance. Comparative analysis of the RBP-bound sequence space has the potential to unravel putative cis-acting RNA elements without a priori knowledge of the bound regulators. Here, Dr. Munschauer provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of post-transcriptional gene regulation, examines state-of-the-art technologies, and combines the conclusions from several journal articles into a coherent and logical story from the frontiers of systems-biology inspired life science. This thesis, submitted to the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy at Freie Universität Berlin, was selected as outstanding work by the Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology at the Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany. .
Engineering. --- Biomedical Engineering. --- Systems Biology. --- Computational Biology/Bioinformatics. --- Bioinformatics. --- Biological models. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Ingénierie --- Bio-informatique --- Modèles biologiques --- Génie biomédical --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biomedical Engineering --- RNA-protein interactions. --- RNA polymerases. --- DNA-dependent RNA polymerases --- DNA-directed RNA polymerases --- Polymerases, RNA --- Ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferases --- RNA nucleotidyltransferases --- Interactions, RNA-protein --- Protein-RNA interactions --- RNA-protein binding --- Systems biology. --- Protein binding --- Transferases --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Biology --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Models, Biological --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Data processing --- Bioinformatics --- Biological systems --- Molecular biology
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The Reverse Transcriptase (RT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) arguably ranks amongst one of the most extensively studied retroviral enzymes. Heterologous expression and purification of HIV-1 RT in the early eighties, approval of the first nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NRTI) in 1987, discovery of resistance to RT inhibitors, approval of the first non-nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NNRTI) in 1996 and the various crystal structures of RT with and without bound substrate(s) and/or inhibitors represent only a few of the important milestones that describe the a bench-to-bedside success in the continuing effort to combat HIV-1 infection and its consequences. Nucleoside and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors remain important components in frequently used drug regimens to treat the infection. RT inhibitors also play important roles in recently validated strategies to prevent transmission of the virus. The relevance of HIV-1 RT as a drug target has simultaneously triggered interest in basic research studies aimed at providing a more detailed understanding of interactions between proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecule ligands in general terms. In light of the ever-growing knowledge on structure and function of HIV-1 RT, this enzyme serves as a valuable “model system” in efforts to develop novel experimental tools and to explain biochemical processes. This monograph is designed to provide an overview of important aspects in past and current HIV-1 RT research, with focus on mechanistic aspects and translation of knowledge into drug discovery and development. The first section includes chapters with emphasis placed on the coordination of the RT-associated DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities. The second covers mechanisms of action and future perspectives associated with NRTIs and NNRTIs, while the third section includes chapters focusing on novel strategies to target the RT enzyme. Chapters of the final part are intended to discuss mechanisms involved in HIV variability and the development of drug resistance. We hope that these contributions will stimulate interest, and encourage research aimed at the development of novel RT inhibitors. The lack of bona fide RNase H inhibitors with potent antiviral activity provides an example for challenges and opportunities in the field.
HIV (Viruses) --- Reverse transcriptase --- RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase --- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase --- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases --- Nucleotidyltransferases --- Phosphotransferases --- Transferases --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- HIV Reverse Transcriptase --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Immunology. --- HIV infections --- Research --- Methodology. --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Immunobiology --- Medicine. --- Virology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Biomedicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Medical virology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Microbiology
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Timing, racing, combating, struggling and targeting is some actions through which cellular fate could be reflected and evaluated. Interaction between cell territory and environment occur during pre-embryonic, fetal development, and post-natal periods. What the researchers observe as the outcome of telomeres behavior is only the peak of an ice mountain within a stormy ocean. Cellular life depends on programmed behavior of telomeres, capable to surprise the cells. Telomeres provide an introduction to the history of our cells which govern the quality of life and status of health. Telomeres as the cooperative territory are capable of stabilizing the chromosomal territory. The status of telomeres reflects the key information, announcing the real age of individuals, and may be a valuable marker for prognosis and predicting cancer. Telomere territory is characterized with a multi-disciplinary manner. Therefore, this book is aimed to offer a wide range of chapters, hoping to be useful for diverse audiences, including hematologists-oncologists, radiotherapists, surgeons, cancer researchers, and all the sectors who affect the macro- and micro- environmental domains. Finally, telomeres are sensitive, cooperative, and trustable targets. It is worth to state that ‘telomeres are messengers of NATURE’, let’s to know them as they are.
Aging Longevity. --- Telomere --- Telomerase --- Cancer cells --- Chromosome Structures --- Ribonucleoproteins --- RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase --- Diseases --- RNA-Binding Proteins --- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase --- Genetic Structures --- Chromosomes --- Intranuclear Space --- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases --- Nucleoproteins --- Genetic Phenomena --- Carrier Proteins --- Phenomena and Processes --- Nucleotidyltransferases --- Cell Nucleus Structures --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Cell Nucleus --- Phosphotransferases --- Transferases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Intracellular Space --- Enzymes --- Cellular Structures --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Cells --- Anatomy --- Neoplasms --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology --- Telomere. --- Telomerase. --- Cancer cells. --- Medicine. --- Cancer research. --- Human genetics. --- Gene expression. --- Stem cells. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Cancer Research. --- Human Genetics. --- Gene Expression. --- Stem Cells. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Pathology, Cellular --- DNA polymerases --- Oncology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Tumors --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Expression --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general. --- Cancer research
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v(D)J recombination: for the community of immunologists and developmental biologists, the molecular route by which B and T lymphocytes acquire their unique function of affording adaptive immunity. Yet, for many-from experienced scientists to trainees-it represents a (rather too) sophisticated process whose true insight is excessively demanding. However, when not simplyconsidered as a private ground for a few aficionados, it can be seen as a way of understanding how maturelympho cytes carry on their basic functions. For the group of aficionados-which includes this editor-it is an elegant paradigm featuring many fascinating evolutionary achievements of which the biological world alone has the secret. These include a subtle biochemical principle most likelyhijacked some 470 million years ago from an ancestral gene invader and since then cleverly adapted by jawed vertebrates to precisely cleave and rearrange their antigen receptor (Ig andTCR)loci. This invader would itself have assigned the services of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNArepair machinery as well as various DNApolymerases or transferases to work in concert with developmental clues in lymphoid cell lineages to generate an immune repertoire and efficient host surveillance while avoiding autoimmunity. Recently, important new refinements in these systems have emerged, continuing to challenge ourknowledge andbeliefs. These arejust thetopics covered by the senior authors-all established leaders in this field-and their colleagues, whilst writing the various chapters in V(D)J Recombination.
DNA-binding proteins. --- Genetic recombination. --- Genetic recombination --- DNA-binding proteins --- VDJ Recombinases --- Recombination, Genetic --- Recombinant Proteins --- DNA-Binding Proteins --- Nucleotidyltransferases --- Proteins --- Recombinases --- Genetic Processes --- Genetic Phenomena --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Enzymes --- Phosphotransferases --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Transferases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Phenomena and Processes --- Medical Research --- Genetics --- Medicine --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medicine. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Chromosomes --- Recombinant DNA --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.
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