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An incisive look at the causes and consequences of the Rwandan genocide"When we captured Kigali, we thought we would face criminals in the state; instead, we faced a criminal population." So a political commissar in the Rwanda Patriotic Front reflected after the 1994 massacre of as many as one million Tutsis in Rwanda. Underlying his statement was the realization that, though ordered by a minority of state functionaries, the slaughter was performed by hundreds of thousands of ordinary citizens, including judges, doctors, priests, and friends. Rejecting easy explanations of the Rwandan genocide as a mysterious evil force that was bizarrely unleashed, When Victims Become Killers situates the tragedy in its proper context. Mahmood Mamdani coaxes to the surface the historical, geographical, and political forces that made it possible for so many Hutu to turn so brutally on their neighbors. In so doing, Mamdani usefully broadens understandings of citizenship and political identity in postcolonial Africa and provides a direction for preventing similar future tragedies.

Africa. --- Alexis Kagame. --- Ankole. --- Apartheid. --- Aristocracy. --- Assassination. --- Banyamulenge. --- Banyarwanda. --- Belgians. --- Buganda. --- Bukavu. --- Burgomaster. --- Burundi. --- Central Africa. --- Citizenship. --- Civil society. --- Class conflict. --- Coalition government. --- Colonialism. --- Colonization. --- Commoner. --- Cultural identity. --- David Newbury. --- Death squad. --- Decolonization. --- Democratization. --- Despotism. --- Dictatorship. --- East Africa. --- Ethnic conflict. --- Ethnic group. --- Ethnic violence. --- Fred Rwigyema. --- Gisenyi. --- Governance. --- Government. --- Hamitic. --- Hannah Arendt. --- Herder. --- How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. --- Human Rights Watch. --- Hutu Power. --- Hutu. --- Identity politics. --- Ideology. --- Idi Amin. --- Impunity. --- Indigenous peoples. --- Institution. --- Interahamwe. --- Jews. --- Kampala. --- Kenya. --- Kigali. --- Kingdom of Rwanda. --- Kinyarwanda. --- Kivu. --- Legislature. --- Local government. --- Looting. --- Luwero Triangle. --- Nation state. --- National Resistance Army. --- Nazism. --- Opposition Party. --- Parmehutu. --- Paul Kagame. --- Peasant. --- Pogrom. --- Political economy. --- Political history. --- Political party. --- Political science. --- Political violence. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Racialization. --- Racism. --- Refugee camp. --- Refugee. --- Repatriation (humans). --- Ruanda-Urundi. --- Rwanda. --- Rwandan Civil War. --- Rwandan Revolution. --- Rwandan genocide. --- Self-determination. --- Slavery. --- State (polity). --- State formation. --- Subaltern (postcolonialism). --- Swahili language. --- Tanzania. --- Tribalism. --- Tutsi. --- Uganda. --- Victor's justice. --- Writing. --- Yoweri Museveni. --- Zaire.

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When the Soviet Union collapsed, many hoped that Russia's centuries-long history of autocratic rule might finally end. Yet today's Russia appears to be retreating from democracy, not progressing toward it. Ruling Russia is the only book of its kind to trace the history of modern Russian politics from the Bolshevik Revolution to the presidency of Vladimir Putin. It examines the complex evolution of communist and post-Soviet leadership in light of the latest research in political science, explaining why the democratization of Russia has all but failed.William Zimmerman argues that in the 1930s the USSR was totalitarian but gradually evolved into a normal authoritarian system, while the post-Soviet Russian Federation evolved from a competitive authoritarian to a normal authoritarian system in the first decade of the twenty-first century. He traces how the selectorate-those empowered to choose the decision makers-has changed across different regimes since the end of tsarist rule. The selectorate was limited in the period after the revolution, and contracted still further during Joseph Stalin's dictatorship, only to expand somewhat after his death. Zimmerman also assesses Russia's political prospects in future elections. He predicts that while a return to totalitarianism in the coming decade is unlikely, so too is democracy.Rich in historical detail, Ruling Russia is the first book to cover the entire period of the regime changes from the Bolsheviks to Putin, and is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand why Russia still struggles to implement lasting democratic reforms.

Authoritarianism --- Democratization --- 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. --- A Just Russia. --- Activism. --- Alexei Navalny. --- Authoritarianism. --- Ballot. --- Belarus. --- Bolsheviks. --- Boris Yeltsin. --- Brookings Institution. --- Bureaucrat. --- Cambridge University Press. --- Central Committee. --- Chairman. --- Commissar. --- Communism. --- Communist International. --- Communist Party of the Russian Federation. --- Comrade. --- Criticism. --- Cultural Revolution. --- Decree. --- Democratization. --- Dictatorship. --- Dissolution of the Soviet Union. --- Dmitry Medvedev. --- Domestic policy. --- Eastern Bloc. --- Election. --- Employment. --- Enemy of the people. --- Europe-Asia Studies. --- First Chechen War. --- Foreign policy. --- General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. --- Gennady Zyuganov. --- Georgy Malenkov. --- Glasnost. --- Grigory Yavlinsky. --- High politics. --- Illiberal democracy. --- Inauguration. --- Intelligentsia. --- Izvestia. --- Kliment Voroshilov. --- Kulak. --- Lavrentiy Beria. --- Leninism. --- Leon Trotsky. --- Leonid Brezhnev. --- Liberal democracy. --- Mayor of Moscow. --- Medvedev. --- Michael McFaul. --- Mikhail Gorbachev. --- Mikhail Kasyanov. --- Militarization. --- NKVD. --- Nationality. --- New Economic Policy. --- Nikita Khrushchev. --- Nikolai Yezhov. --- Non-governmental organization. --- Old Bolshevik. --- Opposition Party. --- Party leader. --- Party secretary. --- Peasant. --- Perestroika. --- Politburo. --- Political party. --- Politician. --- Politics of Russia. --- Politics. --- President of Russia. --- President of the Soviet Union. --- Presidium. --- Princeton University Press. --- Protest. --- Raion. --- Ratification. --- Republic. --- Resignation. --- Russians. --- Secret police. --- Socialist state. --- Soviet Union. --- Stalinism. --- Supreme Soviet. --- Tax. --- Terrorism. --- The Great Terror. --- Totalitarianism. --- Trade union. --- United Russia. --- Vladimir Putin. --- Voting. --- War communism. --- World War II. --- Yury Luzhkov.

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Many continue to believe that the United States is a nation of political moderates. In fact, it is a nation divided. It has been so for some time and has grown more so. This book provides a new and historically grounded perspective on the polarization of America, systematically documenting how and why it happened.Polarized presents commonsense benchmarks to measure polarization, draws data from a wide range of historical sources, and carefully assesses the quality of the evidence. Through an innovative and insightful use of circumstantial evidence, it provides a much-needed reality check to claims about polarization. This rigorous yet engaging and accessible book examines how polarization displaced pluralism and how this affected American democracy and civil society.Polarized challenges the widely held belief that polarization is the product of party and media elites, revealing instead how the American public in the 1960s set in motion the increase of polarization. American politics became highly polarized from the bottom up, not the top down, and this began much earlier than often thought. The Democrats and the Republicans are now ideologically distant from each other and about equally distant from the political center. Polarized also explains why the parties are polarized at all, despite their battle for the decisive median voter. No subject is more central to understanding American politics than political polarization, and no other book offers a more in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the subject than this one.

Divided government --- Party affiliation --- Polarization (Social sciences) --- Political culture --- Political participation --- Political parties --- Right and left (Political science) --- Activism. --- Advocacy. --- Americans. --- Barack Obama. --- Bipartisanship. --- Bowdoin College. --- CQ Press. --- Calculation. --- Centre-left politics. --- Centre-right politics. --- Centrism. --- Circumstantial evidence. --- Communism. --- Conservative Democrat. --- Conservative Party (UK). --- Counterculture. --- Culture war. --- Dealignment. --- Determination. --- Donald Trump. --- Dummy variable (statistics). --- Election. --- Electoral College (United States). --- Exit poll. --- Extremism. --- Far-right politics. --- General election. --- George W. Bush. --- Government. --- Graduate school. --- Hillary Clinton. --- Hippie. --- Ideology. --- Incumbent. --- John McCain. --- Larry Sabato. --- Left-wing politics. --- Legislation. --- Liberal conservatism. --- Liberalism. --- Louisiana State University. --- Macropartisanship. --- Major party. --- Majority. --- Measurement. --- Median voter theorem. --- Midterm election. --- Minor party. --- Moderate. --- Multi-party system. --- National Science Foundation. --- National security. --- New Deal coalition. --- Newt Gingrich. --- Nomination contest. --- Nomination. --- Norman Ornstein. --- Observational error. --- Obstacle. --- On the Issues. --- Opposition Party. --- Party discipline. --- Party identification. --- Party leader. --- Party system. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Political campaign. --- Political party. --- Political philosophy. --- Political spectrum. --- Politician. --- Politics of the United States. --- Politics. --- Public opinion. --- Public policy. --- Realigning election. --- Rebuttal. --- Republican Party (United States). --- Respondent. --- Right-wing politics. --- Rockefeller Republican. --- Ronald Reagan. --- Social issue. --- Split-ticket voting. --- Standard deviation. --- Syracuse University. --- Tax. --- The American Voter. --- The Federalist Papers. --- The Public Interest. --- Tom Mann. --- Two-party system. --- Unemployment. --- Voter turnout. --- Voting. --- Walter Lippmann. --- What Happened. --- World War II. --- Writing.