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Photothermal spectroscopy. --- Photothermal spectroscopy --- 535.211 --- Optothermal spectroscopy --- Photothermal optical diagnostics --- Laser spectroscopy --- Thermal effects of light --- 535.211 Thermal effects of light

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Recent research and development in the field of high-current circuit breaker technology are devoted to meeting two challenges: the environmental compatibility and new demands on electrical grids caused by the increasing use of renewable energies. Electric arcs in gases or a vacuum are the key component in the technology at present and will play a key role also in future concepts, e.g., for hybrid and fast switching required for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. In addition, the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 in gas breakers and gas-insulated switchgear is an actual issue. This Special Issue comprises eight peer-reviewed papers, which address recent studies of switching arcs and electrical insulation at high and medium voltage. Three papers consider issues of the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 by CO2 in high-voltage gas circuit breakers. One paper deals with fast switching in air with relevance for hybrid fault current limiters and hybrid HVDC interrupters. The other four papers illustrate actual research on vacuum current breakers as an additional option for environmentally compatible switchgear; fundamental studies of the vacuum arc ignition, as well as concepts for the use of vacuum arcs for DC interruption.

Technology: general issues --- vacuum circuit breaker --- double break --- prestrike characteristics --- vacuum interrupter --- prestrike gap --- gaseous breakdown --- SF6 --- CO2 --- surface roughness --- statistical enlargement laws --- vacuum arc --- DC circuit breaker --- current interruption --- magnetic field --- plasma physics --- zero-crossing --- circuit breaker --- switching arc --- optical emission spectroscopy --- ablation --- current zero --- SF6 alternative gases --- PTFE --- optical absorption spectroscopy --- Swan bands --- CuF --- hybrid dc circuit breaker --- vacuum arc commutation --- solid-state switch --- vacuum arc voltage --- air arc plasma --- Thomson actuator --- magnetohydrodynamic simulations --- fast switch --- optical diagnostics

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Recent research and development in the field of high-current circuit breaker technology are devoted to meeting two challenges: the environmental compatibility and new demands on electrical grids caused by the increasing use of renewable energies. Electric arcs in gases or a vacuum are the key component in the technology at present and will play a key role also in future concepts, e.g., for hybrid and fast switching required for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. In addition, the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 in gas breakers and gas-insulated switchgear is an actual issue. This Special Issue comprises eight peer-reviewed papers, which address recent studies of switching arcs and electrical insulation at high and medium voltage. Three papers consider issues of the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 by CO2 in high-voltage gas circuit breakers. One paper deals with fast switching in air with relevance for hybrid fault current limiters and hybrid HVDC interrupters. The other four papers illustrate actual research on vacuum current breakers as an additional option for environmentally compatible switchgear; fundamental studies of the vacuum arc ignition, as well as concepts for the use of vacuum arcs for DC interruption.

vacuum circuit breaker --- double break --- prestrike characteristics --- vacuum interrupter --- prestrike gap --- gaseous breakdown --- SF6 --- CO2 --- surface roughness --- statistical enlargement laws --- vacuum arc --- DC circuit breaker --- current interruption --- magnetic field --- plasma physics --- zero-crossing --- circuit breaker --- switching arc --- optical emission spectroscopy --- ablation --- current zero --- SF6 alternative gases --- PTFE --- optical absorption spectroscopy --- Swan bands --- CuF --- hybrid dc circuit breaker --- vacuum arc commutation --- solid-state switch --- vacuum arc voltage --- air arc plasma --- Thomson actuator --- magnetohydrodynamic simulations --- fast switch --- optical diagnostics

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The introduction of metal AM processes in such industrial sectors as the aerospace, automotive, defense, jewelry, medical and tool-making fields, has led to a significant reduction in waste material and in the lead times of the components, innovative designs with higher strength, lower weight, and fewer potential failure points from joining features. This Special Issue on “Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Metallic Alloys” contains a mixture of review articles and original contributions on some problems that limit the wider uptake and exploitation of metals in AM.

History of engineering & technology --- design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) --- displacements --- laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) --- manufacturing constraints --- stiffness --- costs --- melting of a powder bed --- laser welding --- optical diagnostics --- molten pool --- temperature field --- residual stresses --- electrochemical additive manufacturing --- fountain pen feed system --- metal 3D printer --- residual stress prediction --- IN718 --- experimental measurement of residual stress --- additive manufacturing --- support structure --- Powder Bed Fusion --- titanium alloy --- Ti-6Al-4V --- fracture behavior --- mechanical properties --- L-PBF --- in situ sensing --- quality assurance --- machine learning --- roughness --- electron beam melting (EBM) --- surface texture --- lack of fusion --- part quality --- Ti6Al4V --- metal additive manufacturing --- tempered --- ausrolled nanobainite --- microstructures --- n/a

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Optical technologies provide unique opportunities for the diagnosis of various pathological disorders. The range of biophotonics applications in clinical practice is considerably wide given that the optical properties of biological tissues are subject to significant changes during disease progression. Due to the small size of studied objects (from μm to mm) and despite some minimum restrictions (low-intensity light is used), these technologies have great diagnostic potential both as an additional tool and in cases of separate use, for example, to assess conditions affecting microcirculatory bed and tissue viability. This Special Issue presents topical articles by researchers engaged in the development of new methods and devices for optical non-invasive diagnostics in various fields of medicine. Several studies in this Special Issue demonstrate new information relevant to surgical procedures, especially in oncology and gynecology. Two articles are dedicated to the topical problem of breast cancer early detection, including during surgery. One of the articles is devoted to urology, namely to the problem of chronic or recurrent episodic urethral pain. Several works describe the studies in otolaryngology and dentistry. One of the studies is devoted to diagnosing liver diseases. A number of articles contribute to the studying of the alterations caused by diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The results of all the presented articles reflect novel innovative research and emerging ideas in optical non-invasive diagnostics aimed at their wider translation into clinical practice.

Public health & preventive medicine --- chemoresistance --- cisplatin --- gray-level co-occurrence matrix --- ovarian adenocarcinoma --- optical densitometry --- liver diagnosis --- indocyanine green --- liver functional reserve --- optical density --- plasma disappearance rate --- cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT) --- ultrasound --- urethral pain syndrome --- epithelial atrophy --- epithelial hyperplasia --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- image evaluation --- liver cancer --- endogenous fluorescence --- laser Doppler flowmetry --- blood perfusion --- minimally invasive interventions --- machine learning --- raman spectroscopy --- optical diagnostic --- periodontitis --- tooth tissues --- biophotonics --- calculus --- zebrafish --- embryonic development --- cardiovascular system --- in vivo imaging --- optical mapping --- non-invasive measurements --- shortwave-infrared light --- near-infrared light --- visible light --- fluorescence --- breast cancer --- duct --- visible human project --- Monte Carlo simulation --- voxelized media --- cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) --- compressional optical coherence elastography (C-OCE) --- image assessment --- optical properties --- scattering theories --- circulatory system --- blood rheology --- red blood cell aggregation --- laser tweezers --- laser aggregometry --- digital capillaroscopy --- coronary heart disease --- diabetes mellitus --- optical diagnostics --- digital diaphanoscopy --- magnetic resonance imaging --- paranasal sinuses --- inflammatory diseases --- non-invasive optical diagnostics --- cumulative sum --- power spectrum --- heating test --- diabetes mellitus type 2 --- wearable blood flow sensors --- ortostatic test --- postural changes --- body position --- blood perfusion in forehead --- blood perfusion in wrists --- blood perfusion in shins --- blood perfusion oscillations --- vasomotions --- optics --- spectroscopy --- imaging --- diagnostics