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Book
Native bias : overcoming discrimination against immigrants
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 0691222320 Year: 2022 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press,

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Abstract

"What drives anti-immigrant bias-and how it can be mitigatedIn the aftermath of the refugee crisis caused by conflicts in the Middle East and an increase in migration to Europe, European nations have witnessed a surge in discrimination targeted at immigrant minorities. To quell these conflicts, some governments have resorted to the adoption of coercive assimilation polices aimed at erasing differences between natives and immigrants. Are these policies the best method for reducing hostilities? Native Bias challenges the premise of such regulations by making the case for a civic integration model, based on shared social ideas defining the concept and practice of citizenship.Drawing from original surveys, survey experiments, and novel field experiments, Donghyun Danny Choi, Mathias Poertner, and Nicholas Sambanis show that although prejudice against immigrants is often driven by differences in traits such as appearance and religious practice, the suppression of such differences does not constitute the only path to integration. Instead, the authors demonstrate that similarities in ideas and value systems can serve as the foundation for a common identity, based on a shared concept of citizenship, overcoming the perceived social distance between native and immigrants.Addressing one of the most pressing challenges of our time, Native Bias offers an original framework for understanding anti-immigrant discrimination and the processes through which it can be overcome"-- "As migration to Europe has increased, so too has discrimination again immigrant populations. Countries across the EU have supported and instituted policies to force assimilation as part of a larger regional fear that immigration from Muslim majority cultures, especially, will threaten Europeans' national identities and increase the risk of radicalization. The common wisdom has been that immigrants must change their appearance, their religion, or their language in an attempt to "pass" as members of the majority. Through a series of innovative field experiments, the authors show that assimilationist strategies are not the only or even the best way to reduce biases: rather, discrimination is reduced when immigrants and natives share social norms that define a common identity as citizens. The core of the empirical work was done in a series of extensive, multi-year experiments in Germany--an ideal site for this work given its large immigrant population and its clearly defined cultural norms. The work showed both what animated discriminatory attitudes (cultural differences, and religious differences in particular), how this animus played out in everyday interactions (a disinclination to offer assistance to immigrant minorities, and religious Muslim immigrants in particular), and what behaviors reduce discrimination. They find--going against much conventional and even scholarly wisdom--that immigrants speaking German face as much discrimination as those using a foreign language. On the other hand, immigrants that uphold social norms (anti-littering or a progressive attitude towards women, for instance) see decreased discrimination. Ultimately, the authors offer a meticulously researched picture of what modern discrimination looks like, how it can be reduced, and the continued burden that immigrants face"--

Keywords

Immigrants --- Public opinion --- Germany --- Emigration and immigration --- Social aspects. --- Acculturation. --- Adjective. --- Affirmative action. --- Alice Schwarzer. --- Alliance 90. --- Angela Merkel. --- Attempt. --- Attractiveness. --- Average treatment effect. --- Awareness. --- Behavior. --- Bundestag. --- Census. --- Chancellor of Germany. --- Cleanliness. --- Clothing. --- Coefficient. --- Common ingroup identity. --- Controversy. --- Convenience. --- Cultural homogenization. --- Democracy. --- Difference in differences. --- Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. --- Doctorate. --- Duty. --- East Germany. --- Employment. --- Ethnolinguistics. --- Explanation. --- Far-right politics. --- Federal agency (Germany). --- Feminism. --- Field experiment. --- Finding. --- Gender equality. --- Gender identity. --- Gender role. --- Germans. --- Globalization. --- Group cohesiveness. --- Hijab. --- Human genome. --- Identity (social science). --- Immigration policy. --- Immigration. --- Indigenous peoples. --- Ingroups and outgroups. --- Interaction. --- Interpersonal ties. --- Intersectionality. --- Italian unification. --- Likert scale. --- Literature. --- Litter. --- Meta-analysis. --- Minority group. --- Modernity. --- Motivation. --- Multiculturalism. --- Muslim world. --- National identity. --- National myth. --- Nationality. --- Norm (social). --- North Rhine-Westphalia. --- Nucleotide. --- Observation. --- Opposition to immigration. --- Out-group homogeneity. --- Outgroup (cladistics). --- P-value. --- Party identification. --- Percentage point. --- Perception. --- Point estimation. --- Political science. --- Processing (programming language). --- Protein. --- Respondent. --- Result. --- Saudi Arabia. --- Self-report study. --- Singh. --- Social distance. --- Social group. --- Social order. --- Social preferences. --- Society. --- Statistical power. --- Statistical significance. --- Survey methodology. --- The Practice of Everyday Life. --- Thought. --- Video clip. --- Viewing (funeral). --- Waiver. --- West Germany. --- Women in Islam. --- World War II.


Book
Species tree inference : a guide to methods and applications
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0691245150 Year: 2023 Publisher: Princeton ; Oxford : Princeton University Press,

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Abstract

An up-to-date reference book on phylogenetic methods and applications for evolutionary biologistsThe increasingly widespread availability of genomic data is transforming how biologists estimate evolutionary relationships among organisms and broadening the range of questions that researchers can test in a phylogenetic framework. Species Tree Inference brings together many of today’s leading scholars in the field to provide an incisive guide to the latest practices for analyzing multilocus sequence data.This wide-ranging and authoritative book gives detailed explanations of emerging new approaches and assesses their strengths and challenges, offering an invaluable context for gauging which procedure to apply given the types of genomic data and processes that contribute to differences in the patterns of inheritance across loci. It demonstrates how to apply these approaches using empirical studies that span a range of taxa, timeframes of diversification, and processes that cause the evolutionary history of genes across genomes to differ.By fully embracing this genomic heterogeneity, Species Tree Inference illustrates how to address questions beyond the goal of estimating phylogenetic relationships of organisms, enabling students and researchers to pursue their own research in statistically sophisticated ways while charting new directions of scientific discovery.

Keywords

Phylogeny. --- Biology --- Accuracy and precision. --- Addition. --- Akaike information criterion. --- Algebraic geometry. --- Algorithm. --- Allele. --- Ammunition. --- Amplicon. --- Analysis. --- Approximation. --- Bayesian inference. --- Biological process. --- CPU time. --- Chromosome. --- Coalescent theory. --- Common descent. --- Computation. --- Computational phylogenetics. --- Conditional expectation. --- Conditional probability distribution. --- Confidence interval. --- Consideration. --- Data set. --- Detection. --- Determinant. --- East Asia. --- Effective population size. --- Empiricism. --- Error term. --- Error. --- Estimation. --- Evolution. --- F1 hybrid. --- Gene duplication. --- Gene flow. --- Gene. --- Genre. --- Graphics processing unit. --- Horizontal gene transfer. --- Hybrid (biology). --- Identifiability. --- Implementation. --- Inference. --- Introgression. --- Likelihood function. --- Linear regression. --- Lycopersicon. --- Markov chain Monte Carlo. --- Molecular evolution. --- Molecular marker. --- Monocotyledon. --- Monte Carlo method. --- NP-hardness. --- Narration. --- Network topology. --- Normal distribution. --- Nucleic acid sequence. --- Nucleic acid structure. --- Nucleotide. --- Null hypothesis. --- Order of magnitude. --- Outgroup (cladistics). --- Parameter (computer programming). --- Parameter. --- Phylogenetic network. --- Phylogenetic tree. --- Phylogenetics. --- Phylogenomics. --- Polyploid. --- Posterior probability. --- Prediction. --- Probability distribution. --- Probability. --- Pseudolikelihood. --- Quantity. --- Rational number. --- Requirement. --- Result. --- Reticulation (single-access key). --- Sample Size. --- Scalability. --- Selection bias. --- Sequence alignment. --- Shading. --- Singular value decomposition. --- Solanum. --- Speciation (genetic algorithm). --- Speciation. --- Species. --- Statistical model. --- Statistical significance. --- Statistics. --- Subset. --- Substitution model. --- Suggestion. --- Tax. --- Taxon. --- Test statistic. --- Trade-off. --- Uncertainty.

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