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With climate change, the energy consumption of buildings for cooling purposes is expected to rise, further enhancing global warming through the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. To break this vicious circle, it is essential to decrease the anthropogenic CO2 emissions by lessening the energy consumption in all sectors. Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption in the European Union, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). The urge to build more energy-efficient buildings resulted in the emergence of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB). However, the specifications the nZEB design should comply with might not be sufficient to prevent the risk of overheating in summer, hence the purchase of an active cooling system. 
Passive cooling techniques are investigated through a dynamic simulation of a nearly zero-energy dwelling. Their efficiency is assessed based on their ability to improve thermal comfort while limiting the increase in energy consumption. Thermal comfort is measured based on the theory of adaptative comfort which is the most relevant for a residential building. The passive cooling techniques can be combined to ensure the resilience of the building to global warming. It was found that the most efficient techniques are the ones relying on ventilative cooling. In Western Europe, day cooling should be combined with night cooling to reduce the overheating risk and improve thermal comfort by 39%. Solar protections and smart glazing also offer an efficient protection against overheating. They improve thermal comfort by respectively 34 and 22%. 
The effectiveness of the combined passive cooling techniques is studied over an extreme meteorological event, which is likely to occur by 2100 if nothing is done to prevent global warming. Twenty days of intense heat are studied to evaluate the resilience of a nZEB. It was found that the most efficient combination includes night cooling, thermochromic glazing and adiabatic cooling. Adiabatic cooling is particularly efficient during heat waves. Those techniques allow to decrease the indoor temperature by almost 10°C. However, occupants’ behaviour could have a negative impact on the cooling techniques efficiency.

Passive cooling --- Global warming --- Nearly zero-energy buildings --- Resilience --- Overheating --- Thermal comfort --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie

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The present book discusses three significant challenges of the built environment, namely regional and global climate change, vulnerability, and survivability under the changing climate. Synergies between local climate change, energy consumption of buildings and energy poverty, and health risks highlight the necessity to develop mitigation strategies to counterbalance overheating impacts. The studies presented here assess the underlying issues related to urban overheating. Further, the impacts of temperature extremes on the low-income population and increased morbidity and mortality have been discussed. The increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of heatwaves due to human-caused climate change is shown to affect underserved populations. Thus, housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat have been assessed. Finally, opportunities to mitigate urban overheating have been proposed and discussed.

Research & information: general --- Mediterranean --- semi-arid --- drought --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) --- climate warming --- soil moisture --- urban heat islands --- environmental justice --- climate change --- redlining --- heatwave --- diurnal temperature range --- time-series --- relative risk --- health --- transpiration cooling --- coastal cities --- sap flow --- subtropical desert climate --- urban overheating --- cluster analysis --- air temperature --- wind speed and wind directions --- synoptic conditions --- urban heat island --- mitigation --- resilience --- survivability --- low-income population

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The present book discusses three significant challenges of the built environment, namely regional and global climate change, vulnerability, and survivability under the changing climate. Synergies between local climate change, energy consumption of buildings and energy poverty, and health risks highlight the necessity to develop mitigation strategies to counterbalance overheating impacts. The studies presented here assess the underlying issues related to urban overheating. Further, the impacts of temperature extremes on the low-income population and increased morbidity and mortality have been discussed. The increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of heatwaves due to human-caused climate change is shown to affect underserved populations. Thus, housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat have been assessed. Finally, opportunities to mitigate urban overheating have been proposed and discussed.

Mediterranean --- semi-arid --- drought --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) --- climate warming --- soil moisture --- urban heat islands --- environmental justice --- climate change --- redlining --- heatwave --- diurnal temperature range --- time-series --- relative risk --- health --- transpiration cooling --- coastal cities --- sap flow --- subtropical desert climate --- urban overheating --- cluster analysis --- air temperature --- wind speed and wind directions --- synoptic conditions --- urban heat island --- mitigation --- resilience --- survivability --- low-income population

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This book is relevant to architects, urban designers, planners, and policy makers concerned with enhancing climate-sensitive urban form and planning. It discusses building and neighborhood design: layout and design features that maximize energy efficiency and thermal comfort without compromising the ability of other buildings to enjoy similar benefits; the use of interstitial spaces (piazzas, streets, and parks) to improve the microclimate at the neighbourhood-level; design intervention case studies; innovative uses of interstitial spaces to improve the local climate at the neighborhood level; and urban radiative cooling solutions to mitigate the unintended climate consequences of urban growth and suggestions for ways forward.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- Thermodynamics & heat --- cooling effect --- urban park --- thermal comfort --- physiological equivalent temperature --- perceived thermal comfort --- urban heat island --- air temperature --- sustainable cities --- smart cities --- urban health --- global warming --- urban green spaces --- sustainable urban development --- climate change mitigation and adaptation --- urban resilience  --- heatwaves --- urban overheating --- urban heat island intensity --- energy budget equation --- sensible heat flux --- latent heat flux --- advective heat flux --- Australian climatic conditions --- coastal cities --- desert climate --- surface urban heat island effect --- land use/land cover --- partial least square regression --- nonlinear programming --- Shanghai --- China --- urban form --- urban microclimate design --- city --- sustainability --- sustainable development --- cool roof --- passive radiative cooling --- metamaterials --- prototype

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This reprint aims to address the challenges modern-day buildings face in the context of high energy and resource consumption and climate change. One of the ways to address the issues is holistic design and operation of high-performance buildings in the area of energy efficiency, occupant health, and comfort. All this should be achieved through synergic interconnectedness between parameters such as the indoor–outdoor environment, sustainability, and resilience. Through different chapters, this reprint highlights the key areas, namely, the optimization of building design parameters, the impact of the use of modern-day phase-change materials, the adaptation of occupants and buildings to climate change, the mitigation of urban overheating by cool roofs, and reducing energy demand and CO2 emissions.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- climate change --- bioclimatic design --- passive design --- energy efficiency --- overheating --- building resilience --- robustness --- shape factor --- building --- thermal envelope --- energy demand --- CO2 emissions --- white roofs --- cool roofs --- reflective material --- cost-benefit --- energy savings --- urban heat island --- thermal comfort --- indoor environmental quality --- educational buildings --- energy consumptions --- local discomfort --- building energy retrofitting --- phase change materials --- aerogel render --- heat stress risk --- emission --- lifecycle cost --- peak cooling load --- residential building --- building envelope --- multi-objective genetic algorithm --- TRNSYS --- climate zone --- multi-criteria decision making --- CRITIC --- TOPSIS --- capture devices --- variables --- field surveys --- thermal perceptions --- adaptive actions --- hostel dormitories --- composite climate of India --- reflective materials --- mitigation --- outdoor comfort --- visual comfort --- heat stress --- optimization --- skyscrapers