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The aim of this Research Topic was to assemble a series of articles describing basic, preclinical and clinical research studies on radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine. The articles were written by attendees of the third Nuclear Technologies for Health Symposium (NTHS, 10th-11th March 2015, Nantes, Frances) under the auspices of the IRON LabEx (Innovative Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncology and Neurology Laboratory of Excellence). This French network, gathering approximately 160 scientists from 12 academic research teams (Funded by “investissements d’Avenir”), fosters transdisciplinary projects between teams with expertise in chemistry, radiochemistry, radiopharmacy, formulation, biology, nuclear medicine and medical physics. The 12 articles within this resulting eBook present a series of comprehensive reviews and original research papers on multimodality imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy; illustrating the different facets of studies currently conducted in these domains.

multimodality imaging --- PET imaging --- targeted radionuclide therapy --- Radiopharmaceuticals --- theranostic --- Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy --- personalized medicine

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The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has resulted in a remarkable increase our understanding of human and animal neurological disorders through the identification of disease causing or protective sequence variants. However, in many cases, robust disease models are required to understand how changes at the DNA, RNA or protein level affect neuronal and synaptic function, or key signalling pathways. In turn, these models may enable understanding of key disease processes and the identification of new targets for the medicines of the future. This e-book contains original research papers and reviews that highlight either the impact of next-generation sequencing in the understanding of neurological disorders, or utilise molecular, cellular, and whole-organism models to validate disease-causing or protective sequence variants.

Stem Cells --- glycine receptor --- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis --- Parkinson's disease --- PET imaging --- LRRK2 --- Zebrafish --- Inflammation --- GABA-A receptor --- NMDA receptors --- Intellectual Disability

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The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has resulted in a remarkable increase our understanding of human and animal neurological disorders through the identification of disease causing or protective sequence variants. However, in many cases, robust disease models are required to understand how changes at the DNA, RNA or protein level affect neuronal and synaptic function, or key signalling pathways. In turn, these models may enable understanding of key disease processes and the identification of new targets for the medicines of the future. This e-book contains original research papers and reviews that highlight either the impact of next-generation sequencing in the understanding of neurological disorders, or utilise molecular, cellular, and whole-organism models to validate disease-causing or protective sequence variants.

Stem Cells --- glycine receptor --- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis --- Parkinson's disease --- PET imaging --- LRRK2 --- Zebrafish --- Inflammation --- GABA-A receptor --- NMDA receptors --- Intellectual Disability

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Albumin is playing an increasing role as a versatile, biodegradable drug carrier in clinical theranostics. By applying different techniques, smart drug-delivery systems can be developed from albumin in order to improve drug delivery of different active pharmaceutical ingredients, even small-molecule drugs, peptides or enzymes. Principally, three drug delivery technologies can be distinguished for binding small-molecule or peptide drugs through the charged amino acids, carboxyl, and amino groups of albumin: physical or covalent binding of the drug to albumin through a ligand- or protein-binding group, the fusion of drug with albumin or the encapsulation of drugs into albumin nanoparticles. The accumulation of albumin in inflamed tissues and solid tumours forms the rationale for developing albumin-based drug delivery systems for targeted drug delivery. Besides tumour therapy, albumin-based drug delivery systems can be successfully applied as anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic coating for medical devices. The development and optimization of albumin nanoparticles may also be a rational and promising tool for conventional or alternative administration routes in order to improve therapy. This collection provides an overview of the significant scientific research works in this field, which may inspire researchers towards further development and utilization of these smart drug delivery systems.

Medicine. --- plasma half-life extension --- albumin conjugation --- in vivo glucose-lowering activity --- glucagon-like peptide-1 --- quality by design --- rapid equilibrium dialysis --- muco-adhesion --- brain PAMPA --- RPMI 2650 nasal epithelial cell --- human serum albumin --- dimerization --- doxorubicin --- enhanced permeability and retention effect --- antitumor --- Arthrobacter globiformis --- gout --- half-life extension --- inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction --- site-specific albumin conjugation --- thermostability --- urate oxidase --- albumin --- anti-thrombotic --- CD39 --- coating of medical devices --- stent coating --- therapeutic fusion protein --- conjugates --- vanadium --- cancer --- prodrug --- hydrogels --- EPR/ESR spectroscopy --- release behavior --- disulfide --- glioma --- conjugate --- albumin binding moieties --- peptides --- Evans blue --- 4-(p-iodophenyl)butyric acid --- integrin αvβ6 --- integrin αvβ6 binding peptide --- improved pharmacokinetics --- PET imaging

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a very useful technique for medical diagnosis and drug development. Radiopharmaceuticals are a key element in PET techniques and one of the pivotal factors influencing the applications of PET. The aim of this Special Issue of Molecules is to report on the recent research work on a number of aspects of PET radiopharmaceuticals and their preclinical and clinical use. More specifically, the content of this Special Issue includes but is not limited to radiolabeling design, radiosynthesis, synthesis techniques, quality control methodologies, GMP production methods, product formulation, in vitro and in vivo preclinical PET evaluations, clinical evaluations, dosimetry, stability study and metabolite analysis, and modeling.

Medicine --- kinetic analysis --- Siglec-9 --- gallium-68 --- vascular adhesion protein --- VAP-1 --- infection --- inflammation --- osteomyelitis --- animal model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- multiple myeloma --- positron emission tomography/computed tomography --- radiopharmaceuticals --- 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose --- tetrazine ligation --- PET --- SPECT --- indium-11 --- fluorine-18 --- positron emission tomography (PET), defluorination --- isotopic exchange --- silicon-based fluoride acceptor --- bioorthogonal chemistry --- tetrazine --- inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder ligation --- opioid --- naloxone --- overdose --- fentanyl --- carfentanil --- [11C]carfentanil --- positron emission tomography --- receptor occupancy --- pharmacokinetics --- [18F]AlF --- NOTA --- NODAGA --- PODS --- thiol-reactive --- linker --- affibody molecule --- bioconjugation --- EGFR --- tumor imaging --- vulnerable plaque --- molecular imaging --- PET imaging --- nanobody --- single-domain antibody --- sub-millimetre resolution --- AlF-radiolabelling --- preclinical radiopharmaceutical dosimetry --- image-based internal dosimetry --- OLINDA --- MCT1/MCT4 lactate transporter inhibitor --- [18F]FACH --- radiation safety --- sigma-1 receptor availability --- orthotopic xenograft of glioblastoma in mouse --- small animal Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) --- (S)-(−)-[18F]fluspidine --- imaging-based biomarker --- SV2A protein --- PET radiotracers --- synaptic loss --- radiochemistry --- preclinical development --- clinical outcomes --- monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) --- FACH --- 18F-labeled analog of FACH --- α-CCA --- blood-brain barrier (BBB) --- positron emission tomography (PET) imaging --- peptides --- proteolysis --- metabolic stability