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HISTORY / General. --- Pakistan -- Economic conditions. --- Pakistan -- Economic policy. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / General.

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Third World: economic development problems --- South Asia --- India --- Pakistan --- Sri Lanka --- Economic conditions --- Congresses --- Developing countries: economic development problems --- India - Economic conditions - 1947- - Congresses --- Pakistan - Economic conditions - Congresses --- Sri Lanka - Economic conditions - Congresses

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In 2009, more than 40,000 people died prematurely in Sindh, Pakistan because of an illness associated with an environmental health risk. This means that almost one of every five deaths that occurred that year was caused by environmental factors. Loss of natural resources and impacts from natural disasters also represent development challenges. Increased salinity and waterlogging result in loss of agricultural crops. In addition, hydro-meteorological hazards recurrently affect Sindh, as illustrated by the devastating effects of the 2010 and 2011 floods. For Sindh's population, these problems mean pain and suffering, and reduced opportunities for economic advancement. The costs of all these phenomena are equivalent to 10% of Sindh's Gross Domestic Product. Climate change may exacerbate these challenges. Sindh's environmental and climate change problems call for urgent responses. A number of feasible interventions could be carried out to address the categories of environmental degradation that have the highest impacts on Sindh's population. Many of those interventions have positive benefit-cost ratios, meaning that every rupee invested in them would result in health and social benefits worth more than one rupee. Addressing these challenges also calls for targeted institutional strengthening and policy improvements, particularly after the 18th Constitutional Amendment devolved environmental management responsibilities to provincial governments. The underlying goal of this book is to facilitate and stimulate sharing of information on these phenomena, and to provide an interdisciplinary framework for bringing about improved environmental conditions in Sindh. It includes a methodology that enables the identification of environmental and climate change priority problems; the analysis of interventions to address such problems; the establishment of a social learning mechanism to continuously improve Sindh's responses and build resilience in the face of climate variability and change; and opportunities for the potential involvement of different stakeholder groups to decisively tackle climate change and deteriorating environmental conditions.

Poor -- Pakistan -- Sindh. --- Poverty -- Pakistan -- Sindh. --- Sindh (Pakistan) -- Economic conditions. --- Sustainability -- Pakistan -- Sindh. --- Sustainable development --- Poverty --- Poor --- Economic History --- Business & Economics --- Sustainability --- Sindh (Pakistan) --- Economic conditions. --- Destitution --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Sustainability science --- Economic conditions --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Subsistence economy --- Persons --- Social classes --- Human ecology --- Social ecology --- Sind (Pakistan)

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The distribution of poor population in Pakistan suggests that almost 75 percent of the poor are clustered around the poverty line. The economy moved to a higher growth trajectory in the vicinity of 6–7 percent real GDP growth during FY 2002–07, and resultantly the poverty declined substantially in FY 2004/05. The productive capacity of the economy remained alien to this higher growth and new industrial capacity was hardly added to the economy. The fiscal year 2007/08 was a volatile year for Pakistan’s economy both on domestic and external fronts.

International monetary fund -- Pakistan. --- Pakistan -- Economic conditions. --- Pakistan -- Social policy. --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Education: General --- Health: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Education --- Health economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Population & demography --- Poverty & precarity --- Health --- Labor --- Population and demographics --- Poverty --- Labor economics --- Population --- Pakistan

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Pakistan’s authorities have requested a 23-month Stand-By Arrangement for SDR 5.169 billion in support of their macroeconomic stabilization program. The authorities’ program envisages a tightening of fiscal and monetary policies to bring down inflation and reduce the external current account deficit to more sustainable levels. The pace of adjustment seeks to balance the need to address the current macroeconomic imbalances with protecting social stability. The program envisages important reforms in tax policy and administration and public financial management.

International Monetary Fund -- Pakistan. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Pakistan -- Economic conditions. --- Pakistan -- Economic policy. --- Pakistan -- Foreign economic relations. --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Macroeconomics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- External debt --- Public debt --- Current account deficits --- Credit --- Balance of payments --- Expenditure --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Pakistan --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Foreign economic relations.