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For half a century, researches sought a link between muscle contraction and changes in peripheral organs in the form of an « exercise factor », which could be released from skeletal muscle during contraction and mediate some of the exercise-induced metabolic changes in other organs. We have suggested that cytokines or others peptides that are produced, expressed and relased by muscle fibres and exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as “myokines”. Thus, skeletal muscle is the largest endocrine organ in the human body, producing and releasing myokines, which exert specific endocrine effects on other organs, such as the liver and the adipose tissue. Other myokines will work via paracrine mechanisms, exerting, angiogenetic effects for example, whereas yet other myokines work via autocrine mechanisms and influence signalling pathways involved in muscle metabolism. In conclusion, it has been suggested that myokines may contribute to exercise-induced protection against, for example, several chronic diseases Durant plus d’un demi-siècle, les chercheurs pensèrent avoir trouvé un lien entre la contraction musculaire et des effets immunitaires et ce, sous la forme d’un « exercise factor » qui pourrait être libéré à partir du muscle squelettique durant la contraction et exercer certains effets métaboliques se produisant pendant ou suite à l’exercice physique au sein s’autres organes. Dès lors, il fut suggéré que les cytokines ou autres peptides qui sont produits, exprimés et libérés par les fibres musculaire et exerçant des effets autocrines, paracrines ou endocrines devraient être nommées « myokines ». Ainsi, le muscle squelettique est le plus grand organe endocrine du corps humain, produisant et libérant des myokines, qui exercent des effets encrines spécifiques sur d’autres organes, tels que le foie ou le tissu adipeux. D’autres myokines exercent, via des mécanismes paracrines, des effets angiogéniques par exemple, tandis que d’autres encore, via des mécanismes autocrines, activent des voies de signalisations impliquées dans le métabolisme musculaire. En résumé, il serait fort à penser que les myokines puissent contribuer aux effets bénéfiques de l’exercice physique sur la santé, par exemple, à l’effet protecteur contre de nombreuses maladies chroniques

Muscle Contraction --- Cytokines --- Paracrine Communication --- Exercise --- Adenylate Kinase

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This book describes the diverse roles that growth factors and cytokines play in skeletal muscle. The extracellular environment has profound effects on the biology of skeletal muscle. The soluble portion of this environment includes a rich milieu of growth factors and cytokines which have been shown to regulate virtually all facets of the response of skeletal muscle to external stimuli, whether it be exercise induced metabolic shifts, remodeling in response to trauma or loading of the ongoing pathology associated with neuromuscular disease. The chapters included in this work illustrate growth factors that directly affect skeletal muscle cells and those which influence non-muscle cells that contribute to the biology of skeletal muscle as a whole tissue. The current state of the art, with the advent of systems biology, allows for the delineation of signaling networks which are regulated by suites of growth factors. This is in stark contrast to early more traditional studies, which only examined the effects of isolated growth factors on the activity of skeletal muscle precursor cells in tissue culture. The work presented in this volume ranges from reviewing and analyzing the roles of individual growth factors in detail, to the complex interplay of multiple soluble factors in the control of muscle functional, and dysfunctional states. The material covered in this volume will particularly suit readers from a range of research fields spanning general muscle biology and physiology, and those working on diseases and conditions affecting skeletal muscle both directly and indirectly.

Microbiology & Immunology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Muscles --- Musculoskeletal system. --- Muscle cells. --- Regeneration. --- Myocytes --- Locomotor system --- Musculo-skeletal system --- Skeletomuscular system --- Cells --- Cytokines. --- Human physiology. --- Biochemistry. --- Cytokines and Growth Factors. --- Human Physiology. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Cellular immunity --- Immune response --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Regulation --- Composition --- Muscle, Skeletal. --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins. --- Growth Factors --- Paracrine Peptide Factors --- Paracrine Protein Factors --- Peptide Factors, Paracrine --- Paracrine Communication --- Peptide Hormones --- Anterior Tibial Muscle --- Gastrocnemius Muscle --- Muscle, Voluntary --- Plantaris Muscle --- Skeletal Muscle --- Soleus Muscle --- Muscle, Anterior Tibial --- Muscle, Gastrocnemius --- Muscle, Plantaris --- Muscle, Soleus --- Muscles, Skeletal --- Muscles, Voluntary --- Skeletal Muscles --- Tibial Muscle, Anterior --- Voluntary Muscle --- Voluntary Muscles --- Growth factors. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Pathology --- Cell growth factors --- Cellular growth factors --- Growth peptides --- Growth promoting substances --- Growth substances --- Peptide growth factors --- Peptide regulatory factors --- Polypeptide growth factors --- Cytokines --- Peptides