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Avoidance. --- Cell proliferation. --- Cell-proliferation. --- Chicks. --- Passive avoidance. --- Training.

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Central administration of 15 ng interleukin (IL)-1 in the rat significantly enhanced conditioned fear memory assessed by a passive avoidance task, when retested at 24 and 48 h post-training. Pain threshold was unaffected by 15 ng IL-1 administration. IL-1 treatment also increased serum corticosterone. This increase in serum corticosterone was further enhanced in rats given both IL-1 and footshock. Furthermore, the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone blocked IL-1-induced elevation in corticosterone and also attenuated the enhanced conditioned fear memory. Central administration of IL-1 significantly increased prostaglandin E2 and decreased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 release from whole blood cultures; therefore this treatment appears to be effective in inducing an inflammatory response in both the periphery and the brain. The present study confirms that IL-1 can enhance conditioned fear memory, an effect which is correlated with changes in glucocorticoid function. This facilitation of defensive behaviour could reflect adaptive responses which may enhance survival during sickness.

Avoidance. --- Behaviour. --- Blood. --- Brain. --- Conditioned fear. --- Corticosterone. --- Cultures. --- Defensive. --- Fear. --- Function. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Glucocorticoids. --- Increase. --- Involvement. --- Memory. --- Pain. --- Passive avoidance. --- Prostaglandin. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Release. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Serum. --- Survival. --- Task. --- Treatment.

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Mental health disorders represent a major public health issue due to their impact on years lived with disability, and cross-talk with other non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Importantly, most of these conditions can be prevented by implementing healthy dietary habits. Consequently, a recently developed field of psychiatry, “nutritional psychiatry”, is focused on investigating the relationships among dietary factors, eating habits, and mental disorders in order to form methods for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders.This Special Collection from Nutrients will focus on both observational and molecular studies that investigate the effects of nutrients, foods, and whole dietary patterns on mental health. We invited authors to submit reviews and studies providing evidence of the effects of nutritional factors on cognitive function, depression, sleep patterns, stress, and quality of life.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- polyphenol --- sleep --- mental health --- cohort --- antioxidant --- cognitive --- brain --- Sicily --- population --- diet quality --- nutrition --- depression --- mood disorders --- prevention --- food insecurity --- sleep disturbance --- adults --- cross-sectional study --- dietary pattern --- gestation --- diet --- sleep quality --- Pittsburgh sleep quality index --- GABA --- ketogenic diet --- low-carbohydrate --- anxiety --- ketosis --- gut microbiota --- nutritional psychiatry --- bioflavonoids --- functional food --- neurodegeneration --- T-maze --- Barnes test --- passive avoidance --- animal models --- alpha-synuclein --- neuroinflammation --- Passiflora incarnata --- neuropsychiatric disorders --- stress --- depressive disorder --- mental disorders --- nutrition surveys --- trends --- time restricted feeding --- intermittent fasting --- chrononutrition --- brain diseases --- aging --- risk factor --- Mediterranean diet --- coffee consumption --- caffeine --- cerebrovascular disease --- executive dysfunction --- geriatric depression --- dose-response association --- dietary factors --- lifestyle --- mood

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Flavonoids are ubiquitously present in plant-based foods and natural health products. The molecule of flavonoids is characterized by a 15-carbon skeleton of C6–C3–C6, with the different structural configuration of subclasses. The major subclasses of flavonoids with health-promotional properties are the flavanols or catechins (e.g., epigallocatechin 3-gallate from green tea), the flavones (e.g., apigenin from celery), the flavonols (e.g., quercetin glycosides from apples, berries, and onion), the flavanones (e.g., naringenin from citrus), the anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from berries), and the isoflavones (e.g., genistein from soya beans). Scientific evidence has strongly shown that regular intake of dietary flavonoids in efficacious amounts reduces the risk of oxidative stress- and chronic inflammation-mediated pathogenesis of human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and neurological disorders. The physiological benefits of dietary flavonoids have been demonstrated to be due to multiple mechanisms of action, including regulating redox homeostasis, epigenetic regulations, activation of survival genes and signaling pathways, regulation of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics, and modulation of inflammation response. The role of flavonoids on gut microbiota and the impact of microbial metabolites of flavonoids on optimal health has begun to unravel. The complex physiological modulations of flavonoid molecules are due to their structural diversity. However, some flavonoids are not absorbed well, and their bioavailability could be enhanced through structural modifications and applications of nanotechnology, such as encapsulation. This Special Issue consists of four review articles on flavonoids and 15 original research articles, which cover the latest findings on the role of dietary flavonoids and their derivatives in disease prevention and treatment.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- luteolin --- apigenin --- bacoside A --- bacopaside I --- vasorelaxation --- isorhamnetin --- flavonoid --- bacterial sepsis --- toll-like receptor 4 --- inflammation --- citrus flavonoids --- neohesperidin --- anti-aging activity --- chronological lifespan --- synergistic effect --- clinical trials --- natural products --- hyperalgesia --- allodynia --- analgesia --- hypersensitivity --- cytokines --- NF-kB --- defatted pitaya seed --- extraction --- phenolic content --- flavonoid content --- antioxidant activity --- response surface methodology --- flavonoids --- aglycons --- glycosides --- IL-1β --- TNF-α --- IL-6 --- IL-8 --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- Acer okamotoanum --- afzelin --- isoquercitrin --- obesity --- quercitrin --- aspirin --- cancer prevention --- hydroxybenzoic acids --- cell cycle --- CDKs --- colorectal cancer --- infectious diseases --- amoebiasis --- Mexican oregano --- bioguided isolation --- antiprotozoal agents --- flavones --- cancer --- microbiome --- molecular mechanisms --- gene and protein regulatory networks --- macrophages --- NF-κB --- IKKβ, inflammatory cytokines --- apoptosis --- foods for health --- tangeretin --- cancer stem cells --- Stat3 --- citrus --- CD44+/CD24− --- phytochemicals --- flavonoids and their derivatives --- phytomedicine --- COVID-19 --- SARS-COV-2 --- smart nanoparticles --- non-flavonoids --- membrane PUFAs profile --- cell morphology --- human colon cancer cells --- cranberry --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- uropathogenic Escherichia coli --- UPEC --- flavan-3-ols --- A-type proanthocyanidins --- phenolic metabolites --- antiadhesive activity --- probiotics --- anthocyanin --- tobacco-specific nitrosamine --- carcinogenesis --- cell proliferation --- cancer chemoprevention --- lung cancer --- chalcones --- DNA damage --- anticancer activity --- canine cancer cell lines --- angiogenesis --- in-vivo angiogenesis --- CAM assay --- SAR --- n/a --- cognition --- passive avoidance test --- memory extinction --- mice --- microglia --- neuroprotection --- black rice cyanidin-3-O-glucoside --- wood sterols --- dyslipidemia --- CVD

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Flavonoids are ubiquitously present in plant-based foods and natural health products. The molecule of flavonoids is characterized by a 15-carbon skeleton of C6–C3–C6, with the different structural configuration of subclasses. The major subclasses of flavonoids with health-promotional properties are the flavanols or catechins (e.g., epigallocatechin 3-gallate from green tea), the flavones (e.g., apigenin from celery), the flavonols (e.g., quercetin glycosides from apples, berries, and onion), the flavanones (e.g., naringenin from citrus), the anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from berries), and the isoflavones (e.g., genistein from soya beans). Scientific evidence has strongly shown that regular intake of dietary flavonoids in efficacious amounts reduces the risk of oxidative stress- and chronic inflammation-mediated pathogenesis of human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and neurological disorders. The physiological benefits of dietary flavonoids have been demonstrated to be due to multiple mechanisms of action, including regulating redox homeostasis, epigenetic regulations, activation of survival genes and signaling pathways, regulation of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics, and modulation of inflammation response. The role of flavonoids on gut microbiota and the impact of microbial metabolites of flavonoids on optimal health has begun to unravel. The complex physiological modulations of flavonoid molecules are due to their structural diversity. However, some flavonoids are not absorbed well, and their bioavailability could be enhanced through structural modifications and applications of nanotechnology, such as encapsulation. This Special Issue consists of four review articles on flavonoids and 15 original research articles, which cover the latest findings on the role of dietary flavonoids and their derivatives in disease prevention and treatment.

luteolin --- apigenin --- bacoside A --- bacopaside I --- vasorelaxation --- isorhamnetin --- flavonoid --- bacterial sepsis --- toll-like receptor 4 --- inflammation --- citrus flavonoids --- neohesperidin --- anti-aging activity --- chronological lifespan --- synergistic effect --- clinical trials --- natural products --- hyperalgesia --- allodynia --- analgesia --- hypersensitivity --- cytokines --- NF-kB --- defatted pitaya seed --- extraction --- phenolic content --- flavonoid content --- antioxidant activity --- response surface methodology --- flavonoids --- aglycons --- glycosides --- IL-1β --- TNF-α --- IL-6 --- IL-8 --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- Acer okamotoanum --- afzelin --- isoquercitrin --- obesity --- quercitrin --- aspirin --- cancer prevention --- hydroxybenzoic acids --- cell cycle --- CDKs --- colorectal cancer --- infectious diseases --- amoebiasis --- Mexican oregano --- bioguided isolation --- antiprotozoal agents --- flavones --- cancer --- microbiome --- molecular mechanisms --- gene and protein regulatory networks --- macrophages --- NF-κB --- IKKβ, inflammatory cytokines --- apoptosis --- foods for health --- tangeretin --- cancer stem cells --- Stat3 --- citrus --- CD44+/CD24− --- phytochemicals --- flavonoids and their derivatives --- phytomedicine --- COVID-19 --- SARS-COV-2 --- smart nanoparticles --- non-flavonoids --- membrane PUFAs profile --- cell morphology --- human colon cancer cells --- cranberry --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- uropathogenic Escherichia coli --- UPEC --- flavan-3-ols --- A-type proanthocyanidins --- phenolic metabolites --- antiadhesive activity --- probiotics --- anthocyanin --- tobacco-specific nitrosamine --- carcinogenesis --- cell proliferation --- cancer chemoprevention --- lung cancer --- chalcones --- DNA damage --- anticancer activity --- canine cancer cell lines --- angiogenesis --- in-vivo angiogenesis --- CAM assay --- SAR --- n/a --- cognition --- passive avoidance test --- memory extinction --- mice --- microglia --- neuroprotection --- black rice cyanidin-3-O-glucoside --- wood sterols --- dyslipidemia --- CVD