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This reprint is a printed version of the Special Issue, entitled “Orchid Biochemistry 2.0”, one literature review, and nine original research articles were published, and the Special Issue provides further insight into several critical subtopics, including reproduction biology, functional genomics in secondary metabolites, as well as polysaccharides and orchid mycorrhizae.

terpene synthase --- terpenes --- methyl jasmonate --- abiotic stress --- orchids --- anthocyanin --- MYB2 --- orchid --- Dendrobium bigibbum --- γ-irradiation --- orchid mycorrhiza --- plant hormone --- symbiosis germination --- gene expression --- acetyl groups --- Dendrobium officinale --- REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION --- endoplasmic reticulum --- floral volatiles --- geraniol --- MEP pathway --- amino acids --- female reproductive success --- pollinaria removal --- natural selection --- plant-pollinator interactions --- sugars --- AP2 transcription factor --- development --- dual-luciferase reporter gene system --- Orchidaceae --- evolution --- phylogenetic tree --- DROOPING LEAF --- flower development --- YABBY transcription factors --- floral display --- fruiting --- marsh helleborine --- nectar amino acids --- nectar sugars --- n/a

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The mixture of data in real-life exhibits structure or connection property in nature. Typical data include biological data, communication network data, image data, etc. Graphs provide a natural way to represent and analyze these types of data and their relationships. Unfortunately, the related algorithms usually suffer from high computational complexity, since some of these problems are NP-hard. Therefore, in recent years, many graph models and optimization algorithms have been proposed to achieve a better balance between efficacy and efficiency. This book contains some papers reporting recent achievements regarding graph models, algorithms, and applications to problems in the real world, with some focus on optimization and computational complexity.

Information technology industries --- Computer science --- planar graphs --- k-planarity --- NP-hardness --- polynomial time reduction --- cliques --- paths --- computational social choice --- election control --- multi-winner election --- social influence --- influence maximization --- congestion games --- pure Nash equilibrium --- potential games --- price of anarchy --- price of stability --- phylogenetic tree --- evolutionary tree --- ancestral mixture model --- mixture tree --- mixture distance --- tree comparison --- clique independent set --- clique transversal number --- signed clique transversal function --- minus clique transversal function --- k-fold clique transversal set --- distance-hereditary graphs --- stretch number --- recognition problem --- forbidden subgraphs --- hole detection --- analysis and design or graph algorithms --- distributed graph and network algorithms --- graph theory with algorithmic applications --- computational complexity of graph problems --- experimental evaluation of graph algorithms

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This reprint is a printed version of the Special Issue, entitled “Orchid Biochemistry 2.0”, one literature review, and nine original research articles were published, and the Special Issue provides further insight into several critical subtopics, including reproduction biology, functional genomics in secondary metabolites, as well as polysaccharides and orchid mycorrhizae.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- terpene synthase --- terpenes --- methyl jasmonate --- abiotic stress --- orchids --- anthocyanin --- MYB2 --- orchid --- Dendrobium bigibbum --- γ-irradiation --- orchid mycorrhiza --- plant hormone --- symbiosis germination --- gene expression --- acetyl groups --- Dendrobium officinale --- REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION --- endoplasmic reticulum --- floral volatiles --- geraniol --- MEP pathway --- amino acids --- female reproductive success --- pollinaria removal --- natural selection --- plant-pollinator interactions --- sugars --- AP2 transcription factor --- development --- dual-luciferase reporter gene system --- Orchidaceae --- evolution --- phylogenetic tree --- DROOPING LEAF --- flower development --- YABBY transcription factors --- floral display --- fruiting --- marsh helleborine --- nectar amino acids --- nectar sugars --- n/a

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Phylogenies in Ecology is the first book to critically review the application of phylogenetic methods in ecology, and it serves as a primer to working ecologists and students of ecology wishing to understand these methods. This book demonstrates how phylogenetic information is transforming ecology by offering fresh ways to estimate the similarities and differences among species, and by providing deeper, evolutionary-based insights on species distributions, coexistence, and niche partitioning. Marc Cadotte and Jonathan Davies examine this emerging area's explosive growth, allowing for this new body of hypotheses testing.Cadotte and Davies systematically look at all the main areas of current ecophylogenetic methodology, testing, and inference. Each chapter of their book covers a unique topic, emphasizes key assumptions, and introduces the appropriate statistical methods and null models required for testing phylogenetically informed hypotheses. The applications presented throughout are supported and connected by examples relying on real-world data that have been analyzed using the open-source programming language, R.Showing how phylogenetic methods are shedding light on fundamental ecological questions related to species coexistence, conservation, and global change, Phylogenies in Ecology will interest anyone who thinks that evolution might be important in their data.

Phylogeny. --- Ecology. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Brownian motion. --- R package. --- R phylogenetic object. --- allopatry. --- ancestral states. --- biodiversity hotspots. --- biodiversity. --- climate change. --- co-occurring species. --- community assembly. --- competition. --- conservation biology. --- conservation. --- continuous data. --- discrete data. --- dispersal. --- distance-based methods. --- diversification. --- diversity partitioning. --- ecological analysis. --- ecological assembly. --- ecological character displacement. --- ecological divergence. --- ecological phylogenetics. --- ecology. --- ecophylogenetic methodology. --- ecophylogenetics. --- edge length. --- evolution. --- evolutionary distinctiveness. --- evolutionary history. --- evolutionary models. --- evolutionary patterns. --- evolutionary theory. --- extinction. --- geography. --- global change. --- macroevolution. --- maximum likelihood. --- neutral theory. --- niche partitioning. --- null model. --- pairwise distances. --- phylobetadiversity. --- phylodiversity. --- phylogenetic correction. --- phylogenetic data. --- phylogenetic distance. --- phylogenetic diversity. --- phylogenetic diversityСrea relationships. --- phylogenetic information. --- phylogenetic methods. --- phylogenetic patterns. --- phylogenetic relationships. --- phylogenetic signal. --- phylogenetic tests. --- phylogenetic tree. --- phylogenetic turnover. --- phylogenetics. --- phylogeny. --- randomization. --- rate smoothing. --- relatedness. --- scale dependency. --- selection. --- spatial scale. --- speciation. --- species coexistence. --- species conservation. --- species distribution. --- species distributions. --- species interrelatedness. --- species invasion. --- species pool. --- species richness. --- speciesЧenus ratios. --- traits. --- tree of life. --- tree scaling. --- white noise.

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Developmental immunology --- Developmental immunology. --- Hematopoietic System --- Immune System --- Immunity, Cellular --- Cellular Immune Response --- Cell-Mediated Immunity --- Cell Mediated Immunity --- Cell-Mediated Immunities --- Cellular Immune Responses --- Cellular Immunities --- Cellular Immunity --- Immune Response, Cellular --- Immune Responses, Cellular --- Immunities, Cell-Mediated --- Immunities, Cellular --- Immunity, Cell-Mediated --- Response, Cellular Immune --- Lymphokines --- T-Lymphocytes --- Interleukin-12 --- Immune Systems --- System, Immune --- Systems, Immune --- Hematopoietic Systems --- System, Hematopoietic --- Immunology, Developmental --- Developmental biology --- Immunology --- Hematopoietic System. --- Immune System. --- Immunity, Cellular. --- Phylogeny. --- Phylogenomics --- Phylogenies --- Phylogenomic --- Classification --- Phylogeography --- Periodicals --- Agriculture Sciences --- Health Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Soil Chemistry, Microbiology, Fertility & Fertilizers --- Genetics --- General and Others --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Phylogeny