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Viruses are widely present in nature, and numerous viral species with a variety of unique characteristics have been identified so far. Even now, new emerging or re-emerging viruses are being found or re-found as novel viral classes or as quasi-species. Indeed, viruses are everywhere. Of note, viruses are pivotal as targets and tools of basic and applied sciences. On one hand, portions of the viruses are infectious for animals including humans, and cause various diseases in infected hosts by distinct mechanisms and at a different level of severity. While many of viruses are known to co-exist quietly with their hosts, pathogenic viruses certainly affect and threaten our society as well as individuals to provoke serious medical or economic attention. We should act against certain dreadful and highly infectious viruses as a global problem. Animal RNA viruses can readily mutate to adapt themselves in their hostile environments for their survival. Resultant viruses may sometimes show essentially altered phenotypes from the original parental strains. This fundamental and general property of animal RNA viruses represents major extensive issues of scientific, medical, and/or economic importance. In this Research Topic, we have focused on the high mutability of animal RNA viruses, and selected relevant articles on animal viruses of broad-ranges such as primate lentiviruses, influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, rabies virus, norovirus, picornaviruses, and picobirnavirus. Each article has taken up intriguing aspects of the subject viruses. We are sure that readers acquire important information on virus mutation, adaptation, diversification, and evolution, and hope that researchers in the field related to virology gain some solid hints from the reported articles for further virological and /or medical studies. Finally, we thank all the contributing researchers in this Research Topic, entitled “Highly Mutable Animal RNA Viruses: Adaptation and Evolution”, for their elegant and interesting works.

mutation --- phylogenetic trees --- animal RNA viruses --- adaptation --- diversification

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Anatomie [Vergelijkende ] --- Anatomie comparée --- Anatomy [Comparative ] --- Comparative anatomy --- Comparative morphology --- Vergelijkende anatomie --- Zootomy --- Iguanas --- Anatomy, Comparative --- Classification --- Evolution --- Anatomy --- Anatomy, Comparative. --- Lizards --- Phylogeny. --- -Iguanas --- -Iguanidae --- Squamata --- Zoology --- Comparative Anatomy --- Anatomies, Comparative --- Comparative Anatomies --- Phylogenies --- Phylogeography --- anatomy & histology. --- classification. --- -anatomy & histology. --- Phylogeny --- Iguanidae --- anatomy & histology --- classification --- Phylogenomics --- Phylogenomic --- Reptiles --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Iguanas - Classification --- Iguanas - Evolution --- Iguanas - Anatomy

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Cytogenetics --- Phylogeny --- Biology --- Cytogénétique --- Biologie --- Periodicals. --- Classification --- Molecular aspects --- Périodiques --- Aspect moléculaire --- genetics --- cytogenetics --- Phylogenies --- Phylogeography --- Cytogenetic --- Cytogenetic Analysis --- Chromosome Disorders --- Sex Chromosome Disorders --- Life sciences --- Biomass --- Life (Biology) --- Natural history --- Cytology --- Genetics --- Cytogenetics. --- Molecular aspects. --- Molecular systematics --- Molecular biology --- Phylogenomics --- Phylogenomic --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Phylogeny.

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PhytoKeys is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal launched to accelerate research and free information exchange in taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography and evolution of higher plants and lichens. Journal will publish papers in systematic botany containing taxonomic/floristic data on any taxon of any geological age from any part of the world.

Plants --- Lichens --- Botany --- Biodiversity --- Plantes --- Botanique --- Biodiversité --- Classification --- Periodicals. --- Nomenclature --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Plants. --- Classification. --- Phylogeny. --- systematic botany --- plants phylogeny --- plant taxonomy --- Phylogenies --- Systematics --- Taxonomy --- Classifications --- Taxonomies --- Plant --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Macro-lichens --- Macrolichens --- Microlichens --- Flora --- Plant kingdom --- Plantae --- Vascular plants --- Vegetable kingdom --- Vegetation --- Wildlife --- Phylogeography --- Phylogeny --- Plant Proteins --- Ethnopharmacology --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Cryptogams --- Organisms --- Biodiversity. --- Botany. --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Phylogenomics --- Phylogenomic --- Botany - General --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Floristic botany

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57.065 --- 57.065 Phylogenetic classification systems --- Phylogenetic classification systems --- Biologie --- Analyse cladistique --- Phylogenese --- Classification --- animals --- plants --- classification --- Phylogeny --- taxonomy --- Identification --- identification --- Biology --- Cladistic analysis --- Phylogenèse --- classification. --- identification. --- Sciences naturelles --- Analyse cladistique. --- Classification. --- Biologie - Classification --- Acqui 2006 --- CLADISTICS --- PHYLOGENY --- MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS --- TEACHING MATERIALS --- CLASSIFICATION --- NATURAL HISTORY --- TEXTBOOKS --- Cladism --- Cladistic method --- Cladistic taxonomy --- Cladistics --- Cladograms --- Phylogenetic systematics --- Phylogenetic taxonomy --- Taxonomy, Cladistic --- Taxonomy, Phylogenetic --- Branching processes --- Phylogenomics --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Phylogenies --- Phylogenomic --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Phylogeography --- Animal phylogeny --- Animals --- Phylogenetics --- Phylogeny (Zoology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Biosystematics --- Organisms --- Systematic biology --- Systematics (Biology) --- Taxonomy (Biology) --- Taxonomists --- Natural history --- Plants --- Plantes --- animals. --- plants. --- Phylogeny. --- taxonomy. --- Cladistic analysis.