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cropping systems --- cropping systems --- Plant diseases --- Plant diseases --- Epidemiology --- Epidemiology --- Geographical distribution --- Geographical distribution --- Climatic change --- Climatic change --- Integrated control --- Integrated control --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- Geminiviruses. --- Geminiviruses --- Melampsora medusae --- Phaeoramularia angolensis --- Cercuspora angolensis --- Melampsora medusae --- Phaeoramularia angolensis --- Cercuspora angolensis

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There is some talk about an antibiotic Armageddon due to quickly developing resistance towards commercially available antibiotics. For the most part, the classical antibiotic pipeline has dried up, and antibiotic resistance to any new drugs quickly develops. It is here that metal-based antimicrobials can step forward as possible solutions in this antimicrobial resistance era. The biological targets of metal atoms are more diverse, thus making it more difficult for bacteria to develop resistance compared with classical antibiotics. The metal silver has been used since antiquity for wound healing and water purification. At present, it is the most prevalent antimicrobial metal used in healthcare, industry, and consumer products. Silver is being used in the form of ionic salt, colloids, or in specific nanomaterials, and as described in this book, it can be applied as mixtures with other antimicrobials or coating composites. The different formulations are explored for their efficacy against a variety of problems related to agricultural and medical infections. Whilst by no means exhaustive, this book nicely highlights the present directions in silver-based antimicrobial research and antimicrobial formulation development. The chapters have been organized from a general introductory review to approaches of mixing other antimicrobials and materials to enhance silver performance. This is followed by synthetic approaches. First are biogenic (sometimes called green or eco-friendly) approaches, followed by advanced physical–chemical synthetic approaches. The book ends with an overview of applications through a review of patents over the past 10 years.

nanotechnology --- environmentally-friendly --- pesticide --- antimicrobial --- zebrafish --- antimicrobial activity --- biofilm --- urinary infection --- silver nanoparticles --- bacterial resistance --- silver --- nanoparticles --- Candida albicans --- Staphylococcus aureus --- herbal medicine --- Punicaceae --- calcium glycerophosphate --- Streptococcus mutans --- antibacterial --- titania --- mesoporous --- macroporous --- surface functionalization --- camphor derivatives --- silver camphorimine complexes --- laser ablation synthesis in solution --- nano-antimicrobials --- food packaging --- green synthesis --- microwave irradiation --- Juglans regia --- antibacterial activity --- biological synthesis --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- antifungal --- chitosan oligomers --- composites --- deep eutectic solvents --- phenolic compounds --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- root rot --- non-equilibrium plasma --- antibacterial coatings --- plasma polymers --- nanocomposites --- antibiotics --- adjuvant --- combinatorial --- metal --- ROS --- antibacterial effect --- laser irradiation --- metal-vapour method --- TEM --- XPS --- EXAFS --- microbiomes --- silane-based coating --- Marinomonas --- Anaerospora --- antibiotic resistance --- medicinal silver --- patents --- synergism --- Cephradine --- Vildagliptin --- n/a

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The oomycete genus Phytophthora represents one of the most notorious groups of tree pathogens in natural and semi-natural forest ecosystems. Since the discovery in the 1960s of the invasive P. cinnamomi, threatening some of the world’s richest plant communities in Australia, numerous Phytophthora diseases have been reported on forest trees worldwide, which were previously unknown to science. The most notable examples include the oak and beech declines triggered by different Phytophthora spp. in Europe and North America, the findings of sudden oak death and sudden larch death caused by P. ramorum in the Western USA and the U.K., respectively, and the association of P. austrocedri with mal del ciprés in Argentina and juniper decline in the U.K. All these epidemic events are driven by exotic invasive Phytophthora species, introduced through infested nursery plants from their native overseas environments. In recent years, many independent surveys have studied the diversity of Phytophthora species and the diseases they are causing across a diverse range of forests and other natural ecosystems. This Special Issue presents papers on Phytophthora surveys performed in different biogeographic regions and addresses the pathways, and ecological and economic impacts of these invasive forest pathogens.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- soilborne pathogens --- pathways --- Populus --- Phytophthora plurivora --- Phytophthora pini --- pathogenicity tests --- biomass allocation --- dehesas --- drought --- montados --- oak decline --- plant traits --- root rot --- invasive species --- natural ecosystems --- streams --- vegetation type --- baiting --- ITS region --- leaf decay --- oomycetes --- aquatic fungi --- trophic specialization --- saprotroph --- pathogen --- parasite --- Phytophthora --- diversity --- wild apple forest --- decline --- forest disease monitoring --- holm oak decline --- biosecurity --- breeding systems --- hybridization --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- biogeography --- center of origin --- GLMM --- tree mortality --- root rot. --- plantation --- open forests --- Phytophthora ×cambivora --- bark canker --- ectomycorrhiza --- cork oak --- soilborne pathogens --- pathways --- Populus --- Phytophthora plurivora --- Phytophthora pini --- pathogenicity tests --- biomass allocation --- dehesas --- drought --- montados --- oak decline --- plant traits --- root rot --- invasive species --- natural ecosystems --- streams --- vegetation type --- baiting --- ITS region --- leaf decay --- oomycetes --- aquatic fungi --- trophic specialization --- saprotroph --- pathogen --- parasite --- Phytophthora --- diversity --- wild apple forest --- decline --- forest disease monitoring --- holm oak decline --- biosecurity --- breeding systems --- hybridization --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- biogeography --- center of origin --- GLMM --- tree mortality --- root rot. --- plantation --- open forests --- Phytophthora ×cambivora --- bark canker --- ectomycorrhiza --- cork oak