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In the popular literature, it is often assumed that a single conceptual framework can be applied to both dog–dog and dog–human interactions, including play. We have, through three studies, tested the hypothesis that dog–dog and dog–human play are motivationally distinct. In an observational study of dogs being walked by their owners (N=402), dogs which were walked together, and had opportunities to play with one another, played with their owners with the same frequency as dogs being walked alone. This finding was supported by a questionnaire survey of 2585 dog owners in which dogs in multi-dog households played slightly more often with their owners than dogs in single-dog households. The performance of dog–dog play does not, therefore, seem to suppress the dogs' motivation to play with their owners as would be predicted if they were motivationally interchangeable. In an experimental comparison of dog–dog and dog–human toy-centred play, the dogs were more likely to give up on a competition, to show and present the toy to their play partner, if that partner was human. When two toys were available, dogs playing with other dogs spent less time showing interest in both toys and possessed one of the toys for longer, than dogs playing with people. Overall, the dogs were more interactive and less likely to possess the object when playing with a person. We conclude that dog–dog and dog–human play are structurally different, supporting the idea that they are motivationally distinct. We therefore suggest there is no reason to assume that the consequences of dog–dog play can be extrapolated to play with humans.
Behaviour. --- Competition. --- Consequences. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Frequency. --- Human-animal relationship. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Motivation. --- Object. --- People. --- Performance. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Questionnaire survey. --- Questionnaire. --- Survey. --- Time. --- Toy.
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The effect of feeding and handling on the response of young cattle to humans was investigated using 40 Danish Friesian calves removed from their dam immediately after birth. From day 3 to 17 of age calves were either: fed by humans and handled (stroking); fed by humans but not handled; fed without visual contact with humans and handled; or fed without visual contact with humans and not handled (control). Observations during the handling and/or feeding treatments revealed that calves fed with a human present performed more bunting behaviour but performed less play behaviour than those handled but not fed. The approach behaviour of each calf to an unknown person was assessed at days 3, 17, 32, and 62 in both their home pen and in an arena. In the home pen, handling had no effect on latency to interact with the person, but at days 17, 32, and 62 calves fed by humans were quicker to interact with a person than those fed without a human present. When tested in the arena, no consistent significant treatment effects were found at any age in latencies to approach or interact with the person. In a third test, the approach behaviour towards a person when social companions were present was assessed. With the human present only, time spent within 1 m of the person did not differ with age or treatment (17 to 62 days). But when two other calves were present, latency to approach the person increased (p<0.05) and time spent near the person decreased (p<0.05) with age. It is concluded that feeding has a greater influence on the responses of young calves towards humans than handling. However, this appears to be limited to the location in which the feeding took place. Despite receiving no additional handling, calves that were fed without a human present readily approached and interacted with an unknown person and spent a large proportion of time near the person in the arena tests, suggesting that handling in the first 2 days after birth may be very important in the development of t
Age. --- Arena test. --- Behaviour. --- Birth. --- Calves. --- Cattle-handling. --- Cattle. --- Contact. --- Control. --- Development. --- Feeding. --- Handling. --- Human-animal interaction. --- Human-animal relationship. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Observation. --- Pen. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Social. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Young.
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Domestic horses (Equus caballus) are typically kept in individual housing systems, in which they are deprived of physical contact. In order to study the effects of social restrictions on behaviour in young horses, nineteen 2-year-old stallions were housed either singly (n=7), or in groups of three (n=12) for 9 months. Subsequently, the stallions were released into two separate 2 ha enclosures according to treatment, and recordings were made on social interactions and nearest neighbours during a 6-week-period, 28 h per week. Previously group stabled stallions frequently had a former group mate as their nearest neighbour (P=0.001), whereas previously singly stabled stallions did not associate more with their former box neighbours, to whom physical contact was limited by bars during the previous treatment. The nearest neighbour was more frequently recorded to be within one horselength of singly stabled than of group stabled stallions (P=0.005). More aggressive behaviour was recorded in the group of previously singly stabled stallions, i.e. bite threats (P=0.032), whereas group stabled stallions tended to make more use of subtle agonistic interactions (displacements, submissive behaviour). Singly stabled stallions also responded to the 9 months of social deprivation by significantly increasing the level of social grooming (P<0.001) and play behaviour (P<0.001), when subsequently interacting freely with other horses. The increased occurrence may relate to a build-up of motivation (a rebound effect), as well as to external factors, such as playful pasture companions and the increased space allowance of the pasture. It is concluded that 2-year-old domestic stallions are sensitive to social deprivation and that stabling has long-term effects, lasting 6 weeks at least, on the social behaviour in stallions.
Aggressive. --- Agonistic. --- Behaviour. --- Bite. --- Boxes. --- Contact. --- Deprivation. --- Domestic horse. --- Equus caballus. --- Equus-caballus. --- Grooming. --- Group. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Housing system. --- Housing. --- Individual housing. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Kept. --- Level. --- Long-term. --- Motivation. --- Pasture. --- Physical. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Restriction. --- Social behaviour. --- Social deprivation. --- Social grooming. --- Social interaction. --- Social interactions. --- Social-interaction. --- Social. --- Space allowance. --- Space. --- Stallion. --- System. --- Systems. --- Treatment. --- Young.
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The effect of feeding and handling on the response of young cattle to humans was investigated using 40 Danish Friesian calves removed from their dam immediately after birth. From day 3 to 17 of age calves were either: fed by humans and handled (stroking); fed by humans but not handled; fed without visual contact with humans and handled; or fed without visual contact with humans and not handled (control). Observations during the handling and/or feeding treatments revealed that calves fed with a human present performed more bunting behaviour but performed less play behaviour than those handled but not fed. The approach behaviour of each calf to an unknown person was assessed at days 3, 17, 32, and 62 in both their home pen and in an arena. Ln the home pen, handling had no effect on latency to interact with the person, but at days 17, 32, and 62 calves fed by humans were quicker to interact with a person than those fed without a human present. When tested in the arena, no consistent significant treatment effects were found at any age in latencies to approach or interact with the person. In a third test, the approach behaviour towards a person when social companions were present was assessed. With the human present only, time spent within 1 m of the person did not differ with age or treatment (17 to 62 days). But when two other calves were present, latency to approach the person increased (p < 0.05) and time spent near the person decreased (p < 0.05) with age. It is concluded that feeding has a greater influence on the responses of young calves towards humans than handling. However, this appears to be limited to the location in which the feeding took place. Despite receiving no additional handling, calves that were fed without a human present readily approached and interacted with an unknown person and spent a large proportion of time near the person in the arena tests, suggesting that handling in the first 2 days after birth may be very important in the development
Age. --- Arena test. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Birth. --- Boxes. --- Breed comparisons. --- Calves. --- Cattle-handling. --- Cattle. --- Contact. --- Control. --- Dairy-cows. --- Development. --- Discrimination. --- Feeding. --- Handling. --- Heifers. --- Human-animal interaction. --- Human-animal relationships. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Management. --- Observation. --- Open-field test. --- Pen. --- Pigs. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Social. --- Temperament. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Welfare. --- Young.
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Abstract Prenatal stress (PS) can produce profound and long-lasting perturbations of individual adaptive capacities, which in turn can result in an increased proneness to behavioural disorders. Indeed, in PS rats there is evidence of impaired social play behaviour, disturbances in a variety of circadian rhythms, enhanced anxiety and increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. This study was designed to experimentally investigate the degree of reversibility of PS-induced disturbances of social play and HPA reactivity by assessing the effect of the enrichment of the physical environment on PS rats during periadolescence. PS subjects showed a reduced expression of social play behaviour and a prolonged corticosterone secretion in response to restraint stress, but both these effects were markedly reversed following environmental enrichment. Interestingly, the enrichment procedure increased social behaviour but had no effect on corticosterone secretion in nonstressed animals, indicating a differential impact of the postnatal environment as a function of prenatal background. As a whole, results clearly indicate that rats prenatally exposed to stress can benefit during periadolescence from the modulatory effects of an enriched environment. Moreover, they confirm that PS may well represent a suitable animal model for the design and testing of new therapeutic strategies for behavioural disorders produced by early insults
Adolescence. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Anxiety. --- Behaviour. --- Behavioural disorder. --- Circadian rhythm. --- Circadian rhythms. --- Circadian-rhythm. --- Circadian-rhythms. --- Circadian. --- Corticosterone secretion. --- Corticosterone. --- Design. --- Disorder. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Hpa axis. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. --- Model. --- Physical. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Prenatal stress. --- Prenatal. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Restraint stress. --- Restraint. --- Rhythm. --- Rhythms. --- Secretion. --- Social behaviour. --- Social play. --- Social. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- Stress.
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Prenatal stress (PS) can produce profound and long-lasting perturbations of individual adaptive capacities, which in turn can result in an increased proneness to behavioural disorders. Indeed, in PS rats there is evidence of impaired social play behaviour, disturbances in a variety of circadian rhythms, enhanced anxiety and increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. This study was designed to experimentally investigate the degree of reversibility of PS-induced disturbances of social play and HPA reactivity by assessing the effect of the enrichment of the physical environment on PS rats during periadolescence. PS subjects showed a reduced expression of social play behaviour and a prolonged corticosterone secretion in response to restraint stress, but both these effects were markedly reversed following environmental enrichment. Interestingly, the enrichment procedure increased social behaviour but had no effect on corticosterone secretion in nonstressed animals, indicating a differential impact of the postnatal environment as a function of prenatal background. As a whole, results clearly indicate that rats prenatally exposed to stress can benefit during periadolescence from the modulatory effects of an enriched environment. Moreover, they confirm that PS may well represent a suitable animal model for the design and testing of new therapeutic strategies for behavioural disorders produced by early insults
Adolescence. --- Adult-rats. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Anxiety. --- Behaviour. --- Behavioural disorder. --- Circadian rhythm. --- Circadian rhythms. --- Circadian-rhythm. --- Circadian-rhythms. --- Circadian. --- Consequences. --- Corticosterone secretion. --- Corticosterone,distributed pregnancy,therapeutic strategy. --- Corticosterone. --- Design. --- Disorder. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Hpa axis. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. --- Juvenile rats. --- Maternal separation. --- Messenger-rna. --- Mice. --- Model. --- Open-field behavior. --- Physical. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Prenatal stress. --- Prenatal. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Restraint stress. --- Restraint. --- Rhythm. --- Rhythms. --- Secretion. --- Social behaviour. --- Social interactions. --- Social play. --- Social. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- Stress.
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