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The railway transport in Moldova plays an important role in the transport market of the country. Historically, railway transported very large volumes of freight and provided important services for passengers in Moldova. Railways lost important volumes of transport during the last two decades for various reasons, culminating with the crisis starting in 2007. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has had a major disruptive impact on domestic and international transport and on mobility. The entire transport sector has faced a huge drop in the mobility demand due to many transport customers having been forced to temporarily suspend their activities and international borders having been closed. The current policy note assesses in detail the causes of the decreased market share of railways and will propose solutions for the recovery. This document provides an assessment of the major challenges faced by railway transport in Moldova, formulating a strategy proposal for a profound sector restructuring.

Freight Transport --- Public Sector Reform --- Railways --- Railways Transport --- Transport

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This strategy and action plan put forward a guiding vision for the trans-Caucasus transit corridor (CTC), with a focus on the part to be played by Georgia and Azerbaijan to develop the CTC into a competitive alternative to other regional routes for the transport of goods, especially for containerized goods between China and Europe, and to promote a solid and professional transport system in the two countries, in association with neighboring economies (Kazakhstan, Turkey, and others). The implementation of this strategy and action plan will ensure that the corridor is operated in an efficient way that augments the economic benefits of the infrastructure works, attracting traffic, and reducing operating costs. The strategy outlines five strategic targets that define a path to successfully navigate the institutional and functional changes presented by the action plan: (i) reduce major nonphysical barriers to the efficiency of the CTC; (ii) remove physical barriers, by, for example, interconnecting infrastructure more efficiently, and installing intermodal facilities; (iii) improve institutional frameworks, including the establishment of a coordinating body to streamline and strengthen governance transport along the CTC and promote and support its development; (iv) develop a transnational regulatory framework; and (v) build capacity in the logistics sector.

Railways Transport --- Roads and Highways --- Transport --- Transport and Trade Logistics

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Argentina's vast networks of national, provincial, and rural roads, spanning more than 240,000 kilometers, are critical for the country's growth and development. However, climate change-induced hydrological extremes often disrupt road travel and raise logistics costs. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of climate change induced flood risk on the transport network in Argentina. The study analyzes both current and future flooding scenarios, examines the resulting disruptions in the transport network, and estimates the direct and indirect macroeconomic losses. The study uses a system-of-systems approach, where network models are developed to suitably represent the transport system as nodes and links. For each node and link, the study analyzes criticality, vulnerability, and risk, and provides adaptation strategies. This paper is organized into four sections. Following the methodology and approach laid out in Section 2, the analysis and results are detailed in Section 3,Conclusions and policy recommendations are presented in Section 4.

Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Environment --- Natural Disasters --- Railways Transport --- Roads and Highways --- Transport

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During the 1990s, the Turkish economy was beset by frequent economic crises. Fiscal imbalances, high inflation rates, and the subsequent stop and go economic cycles hit the Turkish economy, slowing growth and plunging the country into recession. Spiraling debt and interest payments coupled with failures in financial systems resulted in significant financial crises in late 2000 and early 2001. The Government of Turkey initiated a number of economic reforms to contain spending, cut its deficit, reduce inflation, and provide a basis for renewed economic growth. The Government has mapped out a structural reform program encompassing measures to address the biggest sources of fiscal deficits, strengthen the legal and regulatory frameworks, and accelerate the privatization of the remaining state enterprises. Reform of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD) is one of the main targets for change. Over the past few decades, TCDD has fallen into a financial crisis from which it will not be able to emerge without a dramatic restructuring of its governance and organization. TCDD operates the state railway, the seven largest ports, and manufactures and repairs locomotives, wagons and passenger coaches. As an enterprise, TCDD is the largest money loser among Turkey's public sector enterprises.

Enterprise Development & Reform --- Ports --- Private Sector Development --- Privatization --- Railways --- Railways Transport --- State-Owned Enterprises --- Transport

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Uzbekistan is a resource-rich country with a relatively young population of 33 million, the largest in Central Asia. It is also a geographic pivot for the region, bordering all other Central Asian countries and Afghanistan, with transit connections in all directions. As a double landlocked country, it is uniquely dependent on these cross-border transport connections and on how well they work. It can also potentially be the largest market in Central Asia and given its sizeable young labor force and substantial agricultural and manufacturing capacity, a major regional exporter. This note attempts to highlight the potential economic impact of BRI on the Tajik economy. It looks at how, if fully implemented globally, the BRI is expected to achieve better transport connections and greater economic integration of participating BRI countries, discusses improvements in Tajikistan's cross-border transport, electricity and ICT infrastructure to-date, and assesses the potential impact of the completion of all BRI transport projects on Tajik shipment time. It further looks at the likely economic impact of BRI reductions in shipment time on exports, FDI and GDP, and the spatial distribution of benefits within the country and at how complementary polices can enhance the positive impact and mitigate risks. Finally, it examines the fiscal risk of Tajikistan's scaling-up of investment in BRI transport projects in the coming years without undermining medium-term debt sustainability.

Public Investment --- Railways Transport --- Roads and Highways --- Transport --- Transport and Trade Logistics