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Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice. Graphene's unique properties of thinness and conductivity have led to global research into its applications as a semiconductor. With the ability to well conduct electricity at room temperature, graphene semiconductors could easily be implemented into the existing semiconductor technologies and, in some cases, successfully compete with the traditional ones, such as silicon. This reprint presents very recent results in the physics of graphene, which can be important for applying the material in electronics.

Physics --- graphene --- scattering --- dephasing --- relaxation time --- band structure --- tight-binding model --- angle-resolved photoemission --- electron scattering --- augmented plane waves --- nanoscroll --- first-principle --- Klein tunneling --- borophene --- Dirac fermions --- electric field --- valence charge density --- image potential --- image-plane position --- image-potential states --- liquid conductor --- graphene solution --- circulating system --- microfluidic channel --- temperature --- optical power --- CVD graphene --- polycrystalline --- grain size --- single-crystalline grain --- grain boundary (GB) --- GB distribution --- sheet resistance --- transmission-line model measurement --- Bose-Einstein condensation --- superfluidity --- dipolar exitons --- low-dimensional semimetals --- electronic transport in graphene --- quantum hall effect --- ion-selective field-effect transistor --- sodium ions --- real-time monitoring --- mechanochemistry --- graphene nanosheets --- conductive ink --- inkjet printing --- printed electronics --- n/a

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It is impossible to imagine the modern world without sensors, or without real-time information about almost everything—from local temperature to material composition and health parameters. We sense, measure, and process data and act accordingly all the time. In fact, real-time monitoring and information is key to a successful business, an assistant in life-saving decisions that healthcare professionals make, and a tool in research that could revolutionize the future. To ensure that sensors address the rapidly developing needs of various areas of our lives and activities, scientists, researchers, manufacturers, and end-users have established an efficient dialogue so that the newest technological achievements in all aspects of real-time sensing can be implemented for the benefit of the wider community. This book documents some of the results of such a dialogue and reports on advances in sensors and sensor systems for existing and emerging real-time monitoring applications.

History of engineering & technology --- IR-UWB radar sensor --- movement disorder --- hyperactivity --- actigraphy --- fertilizer --- phosphorus element --- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy --- chemometrics --- high temperature pipe --- pipe wall thinning --- flow accelerated corrosion --- freeze-drying process diagnosis --- ultrasonic transducer (UT) --- freezing/drying point --- drying period --- electrostatic sensor --- digital approach --- rotational speed --- correlation algorithm --- underground structure safety --- train tracking --- incursion detection --- ultra-weak FBG --- distributed vibration --- dynamic measurement --- turbidity --- low-cost --- continuous water quality monitor --- water --- particle detection --- sensitivity --- resonance --- amorphous core --- signal extraction --- support vector regression --- grid method --- genetic algorithm --- particle swarm optimization --- least squares --- railway crossing --- condition monitoring --- condition indicator --- correlation analysis --- weather impact --- numerical verification --- smartphone colorimetrics --- lateral flow assay quantification --- color space --- image correction --- food contaminant screening --- allergens --- background correction --- point of site analyses --- soil salinity --- soil water content --- FDR sensor --- soil pore water electrical conductivity --- sensor calibration and validation --- real time monitoring --- diesel engine --- condition recognition --- CNN --- LSTM --- adaptive dropout --- parallel position --- bridge structure --- temperature --- vibrating wire strain sensor --- traveling wave ultrasonic motor --- pre-pressure --- contact state --- power dissipation --- optimization criterion --- wheel-rail impact --- train hunting --- railway track maintenance --- highly nonlinear solitary waves --- nondestructive evaluation --- wireless sensing --- Bluetooth technology --- water quality --- real-time monitoring --- multisensor system --- molecularly imprinted polymers --- functionalised coating --- microwave spectroscopy --- body condition score --- 3D surface roughness parameters --- rotary parlor --- 3D camera --- regression analysis --- satellite compass --- accuracy --- spectrum analysis --- Fourier transform

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Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), as open-field crops, play an important role in multifunctional and sustainable agriculture as a result of their low energy requirements for cultivation and their many avenues of use, from the production of nutraceuticals, phytonutrients, and phytotherapy to land valorization. This Special Issue of Agriculture, “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Agricultural Research when Considering Multifunctionality and Sustainability Criteria”, aims to illustrate the role of MAPs in agriculture in low-impact farming practices, and the benefits they can generate in terms of functional products. This Special Issue covers all research aspects related to MAPs, including a number of scientific macro-areas, such as agronomy, chemistry and pharmacy, ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, food and nutrition, and ecology. Key topics in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following: Sustainable agricultural practices of MAPs; Breeding and germplasm preservation of MAPs; The biodiversity of MAPs; The conservation of cultivated and wild MAPs; Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology; Phytotherapy, phytochemistry, and phytopharmacology; Essential oils and secondary metabolites; Functional foods and MAPs; MAPs and degraded and marginal land recovery; The global marketing of MAPs; The legislation of MAPs.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- laurel --- microbial load --- oven drying --- real time monitoring --- sage --- sensor --- spike lavender --- essential oil --- 1,8-cineole --- linalool --- camphor --- edaphic characteristics --- altitude --- latitude --- longitude --- aromatic species --- alternative substrates --- irrigation --- plant habitus --- sustainable cultivation --- Calotropis procera leaves --- chronic inflammatory model --- cytokines --- Freund’s complete adjuvant --- indomethacin --- medicinal and aromatic plants --- crop diversification --- sustainability --- leaf yield --- biofunctional products --- genotypic variability --- extra-virgin olive oil --- aromatic and medicinal plants --- gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses --- antioxidant --- oleic acid --- caper plant --- island of Linosa --- morphological and productive characteristics --- growing --- St. John’s wort --- Hypericum perforatum --- secondary metabolites --- cropping technique --- hops --- Humulus lupulus L. --- Mediterranean environment --- trellising system --- medicinal plant --- industrial crop --- hop shoots --- powdery mildew --- downy mildew --- Japanese beetle --- maypop --- Ficus carica L. --- Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. --- medicinal-agroforestry system --- soil enzyme activity --- photosynthesis --- polyphenols --- Berberis --- negative fruits --- organic agriculture --- rooting --- hardwood cuttings --- iron chelates --- n/a --- Freund's complete adjuvant --- St. John's wort

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Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), as open-field crops, play an important role in multifunctional and sustainable agriculture as a result of their low energy requirements for cultivation and their many avenues of use, from the production of nutraceuticals, phytonutrients, and phytotherapy to land valorization. This Special Issue of Agriculture, “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Agricultural Research when Considering Multifunctionality and Sustainability Criteria”, aims to illustrate the role of MAPs in agriculture in low-impact farming practices, and the benefits they can generate in terms of functional products. This Special Issue covers all research aspects related to MAPs, including a number of scientific macro-areas, such as agronomy, chemistry and pharmacy, ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, food and nutrition, and ecology. Key topics in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following: Sustainable agricultural practices of MAPs; Breeding and germplasm preservation of MAPs; The biodiversity of MAPs; The conservation of cultivated and wild MAPs; Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology; Phytotherapy, phytochemistry, and phytopharmacology; Essential oils and secondary metabolites; Functional foods and MAPs; MAPs and degraded and marginal land recovery; The global marketing of MAPs; The legislation of MAPs.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- laurel --- microbial load --- oven drying --- real time monitoring --- sage --- sensor --- spike lavender --- essential oil --- 1,8-cineole --- linalool --- camphor --- edaphic characteristics --- altitude --- latitude --- longitude --- aromatic species --- alternative substrates --- irrigation --- plant habitus --- sustainable cultivation --- Calotropis procera leaves --- chronic inflammatory model --- cytokines --- Freund’s complete adjuvant --- indomethacin --- medicinal and aromatic plants --- crop diversification --- sustainability --- leaf yield --- biofunctional products --- genotypic variability --- extra-virgin olive oil --- aromatic and medicinal plants --- gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses --- antioxidant --- oleic acid --- caper plant --- island of Linosa --- morphological and productive characteristics --- growing --- St. John’s wort --- Hypericum perforatum --- secondary metabolites --- cropping technique --- hops --- Humulus lupulus L. --- Mediterranean environment --- trellising system --- medicinal plant --- industrial crop --- hop shoots --- powdery mildew --- downy mildew --- Japanese beetle --- maypop --- Ficus carica L. --- Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. --- medicinal-agroforestry system --- soil enzyme activity --- photosynthesis --- polyphenols --- Berberis --- negative fruits --- organic agriculture --- rooting --- hardwood cuttings --- iron chelates --- n/a --- Freund's complete adjuvant --- St. John's wort

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Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), as open-field crops, play an important role in multifunctional and sustainable agriculture as a result of their low energy requirements for cultivation and their many avenues of use, from the production of nutraceuticals, phytonutrients, and phytotherapy to land valorization. This Special Issue of Agriculture, “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Agricultural Research when Considering Multifunctionality and Sustainability Criteria”, aims to illustrate the role of MAPs in agriculture in low-impact farming practices, and the benefits they can generate in terms of functional products. This Special Issue covers all research aspects related to MAPs, including a number of scientific macro-areas, such as agronomy, chemistry and pharmacy, ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, food and nutrition, and ecology. Key topics in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following: Sustainable agricultural practices of MAPs; Breeding and germplasm preservation of MAPs; The biodiversity of MAPs; The conservation of cultivated and wild MAPs; Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology; Phytotherapy, phytochemistry, and phytopharmacology; Essential oils and secondary metabolites; Functional foods and MAPs; MAPs and degraded and marginal land recovery; The global marketing of MAPs; The legislation of MAPs.

laurel --- microbial load --- oven drying --- real time monitoring --- sage --- sensor --- spike lavender --- essential oil --- 1,8-cineole --- linalool --- camphor --- edaphic characteristics --- altitude --- latitude --- longitude --- aromatic species --- alternative substrates --- irrigation --- plant habitus --- sustainable cultivation --- Calotropis procera leaves --- chronic inflammatory model --- cytokines --- Freund’s complete adjuvant --- indomethacin --- medicinal and aromatic plants --- crop diversification --- sustainability --- leaf yield --- biofunctional products --- genotypic variability --- extra-virgin olive oil --- aromatic and medicinal plants --- gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses --- antioxidant --- oleic acid --- caper plant --- island of Linosa --- morphological and productive characteristics --- growing --- St. John’s wort --- Hypericum perforatum --- secondary metabolites --- cropping technique --- hops --- Humulus lupulus L. --- Mediterranean environment --- trellising system --- medicinal plant --- industrial crop --- hop shoots --- powdery mildew --- downy mildew --- Japanese beetle --- maypop --- Ficus carica L. --- Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. --- medicinal-agroforestry system --- soil enzyme activity --- photosynthesis --- polyphenols --- Berberis --- negative fruits --- organic agriculture --- rooting --- hardwood cuttings --- iron chelates --- n/a --- Freund's complete adjuvant --- St. John's wort