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The history of East Timor is related in this book through a chronology, an introductory essay, an expansive bibliography, and over 200 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, events, places, organizations, and other aspects of East Timor history from the earliest times to the present.

Timor-Leste --- Democratic Republic of East Timor --- Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste --- East Timor --- Higashi Timōru --- Itä-Timor --- Östra Timor --- Östtimor --- RDTL --- Repoṕlika Democrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- República Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Repúblika Demokrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- Repúplica Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Timor Lorosa'e --- Timor Wschodni --- Тимор-Лесте --- 東ティモール --- Timor Timur (Indonesia) --- History --- Constitutional Government of East Timor --- Governo Constitucional de Timor-Leste --- Governu Konstitutionál da Timor-Leste

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Following the historic 1999 popular referendum, East Timor emerged as the first independent sovereign nation of the 21st Century. The years since these momentous events have seen an efflorescence of social research across the country drawn by shared interests in the aftermath of the resistance struggle, the processes of social recovery and the historic opportunity to pursue field-based ethnography following the hiatus of research during 24 years of Indonesian rule (1975-99). This volume brings together a collection of papers from a diverse field of international scholars exploring the multiple ways that East Timorese communities are making and remaking their connections to land and places of ancestral significance. The work is explicitly comparative and highlights the different ways Timorese language communities negotiate access and transactions in land, disputes and inheritance especially in areas subject to historical displacement and resettlement. Consideration is extended to the role of ritual performance and social alliance for inscribing connection and entitlement. Emerging through analysis is an appreciation of how relations to land, articulated in origin discourses, are implicated in the construction of national culture and differential contributions to the struggle for independence. The volume is informed by a range of Austronesian cultural themes and highlights the continuing vitality of customary governance and landed attachment in Timor-Leste.

Gender & Ethnic Studies --- Social Sciences --- Ethnic & Race Studies --- Ethnology --- Timor-Leste --- Social life and customs --- Social conditions --- Rural conditions --- History --- East Timor --- Democratic Republic of East Timor --- Timor Lorosa'e --- Repoṕlika Democrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- Repúplica Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste --- República Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Repúblika Demokrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- Timor Wschodni --- RDTL --- 東ティモール --- Higashi Timōru --- Itä-Timor --- Östtimor --- Östra Timor --- Тимор-Лесте --- Timor Timur (Indonesia) --- Constitutional Government of East Timor --- Governo Constitucional de Timor-Leste --- Governu Konstitutionál da Timor-Leste

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Lapita comprises an archaeological horizon that is fundamental to the understanding of human colonisation and settlement of the Pacific as it is associated with the arrival of the common ancestors of the Polynesians and many Austronesian-speaking Melanesians more than 3000 years ago. While Lapita archaeology has captured the imagination and sustained the focus of archaeologists for more than 50 years, more recent discoveries have inspired renewed interpretations and assessments. Oceanic Explorations reports on a number of these latest discoveries and includes papers which reassess the Lapita phenomenon in light of this new data. They reflect on a broad range of interrelated themes including Lapita chronology, patterns of settlement, migration, interaction and exchange, ritual behaviour, sampling strategies and ceramic analyses, all of which relate to aspects highlighting both advances and continuing impediments associated with Lapita research.

Timor-Leste --- Politics and government. --- Anthropology --- Lapita culture --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Melanesia --- Polynesia --- Antiquities --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- Oceania --- History --- Politics and government --- Timor-Leste. --- Democratic Republic of East Timor --- Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste --- East Timor --- Higashi Timōru --- Indonesia --- Itä-Timor --- Östra Timor --- Östtimor --- RDTL --- Repoṕlika Democrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- República Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Repúblika Demokrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- Repúplica Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Timor Lorosa'e --- Timor Wschodni

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One of the most troubling but least studied features of mass political violence is why violence often recurs in the same place over long periods of time. Douglas Kammen explores this pattern in Three Centuries of Conflict in East Timor, studying that region's tragic past, focusing on the small district of Maubara. Once a small but powerful kingdom embedded in long-distance networks of trade, over the course of three centuries the people of Maubara experienced benevolent but precarious Dutch suzerainty, Portuguese colonialism punctuated by multiple uprisings and destructive campaigns of pacification, Japanese military rule, and years of brutal Indonesian occupation. In 1999 Maubara was the site of particularly severe violence before and after the UN-sponsored referendum that finally led to the restoration of East Timor's independence. Beginning with the mystery of paired murders during East Timor's failed decolonization in 1975 and the final flurry of state-sponsored violence in 1999, Kammen combines an archival trail and rich oral interviews to reconstruct the history of the leading families of Maubara from 1712 until 2012. Kammen illuminates how recurrent episodes of mass violence shaped alliances and enmities within Maubara as well as with supra-local actors, and how those legacies have influenced efforts to address human rights violations, post-conflict reconstruction, and the relationship between local experience and the identification with the East Timorese nation. The questions posed in Three Centuries of Conflict in East Timor about recurring violence and local narratives apply to many other places besides East Timor-from the Caucasus to central Africa, and from the Balkans to China-where mass violence keeps recurring.

Political violence --- History. --- Timor-Leste --- Violence --- Political crimes and offenses --- Terrorism --- East Timor --- Democratic Republic of East Timor --- Timor Lorosa'e --- Repoṕlika Democrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- Repúplica Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste --- República Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Repúblika Demokrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- Timor Wschodni --- RDTL --- 東ティモール --- Higashi Timōru --- Itä-Timor --- Östtimor --- Östra Timor --- Тимор-Лесте --- Timor Timur (Indonesia) --- Constitutional Government of East Timor --- Governo Constitucional de Timor-Leste --- Governu Konstitutionál da Timor-Leste

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This Element explores the primary modes by which rulers have exercised power and shaped political relations in Timor-Leste across four distinct periods. The contrast between coercion under colonial rule and consent expressed through the 1999 referendum on independence exerted a powerful influence on scholarship on Timor-Leste's politics and future. Since the restoration of independence in 2002, however, politics in Timor-Leste are best understood in terms of powerful economic constraints during the first Fretilin government (2002-06), and thereafter, thanks to revenue from the country's petroleum reserves, a ruling strategy based on a wide range of inducements (rather than genuine consent).

Political sociology --- Mass political behavior --- Political behavior --- Political science --- Sociology --- Sociological aspects --- Timor-Leste --- Democratic Republic of East Timor --- Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste --- East Timor --- Higashi Timōru --- Itä-Timor --- Östra Timor --- Östtimor --- RDTL --- Repoṕlika Democrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- República Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Repúblika Demokrátika Timor Lorosa'e --- Repúplica Democrática de Timor-Leste --- Timor Lorosa'e --- Timor Wschodni --- Тимор-Лесте --- 東ティモール --- Timor Timur (Indonesia) --- Social conditions --- Politics and government. --- Constitutional Government of East Timor --- Governo Constitucional de Timor-Leste --- Governu Konstitutionál da Timor-Leste