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Writing --- Spanish language --- Roman numerals

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The first century of music printing in Germany had its own internal dynamics, affected by political and social events such as the Reformation. Yet it also had an international dimension: German printers set up shops all around Europe, taking materials and techniques with them, or exporting necessary materials such as type. For the first time, this collection brings together the different strands that define the German music printing landscape from the late fifteenth to the late sixteenth century. From the earliest developments in music printing and publishing, to printing techniques and solutions, the commerce of music printing, and intellectual history, the chapters outline broad trends in the production of different genres of printed books and examine the work of individual printers. The book draws upon the rich information gathered for the online database Catalogue of early German printed music / Verzeichnis deutscher Musikfruhdrucke (vdm), the first systematic descriptive catalogue of music printed in the German-speaking lands between c. 1470 and 1540, allowing precise conclusions about the material production of these printed musical sources. The result is a highly original and varied picture of the beginnings of music printing in a geographical region that, until now, has been somewhat neglected.

Music printing --- History --- Music --- Type and type-founding --- Printing --- Music publishing --- Music type --- editions --- implications --- music editions --- new catalogue --- Christian Egenolff --- Discant --- Lied --- Partbook --- Répertoire International des Sources Musicales --- Roman numerals --- Tenor --- Title page --- Woodcut

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While all of us regularly use basic math symbols such as those for plus, minus, and equals, few of us know that many of these symbols weren't available before the sixteenth century. What did mathematicians rely on for their work before then? And how did mathematical notations evolve into what we know today? In Enlightening Symbols, popular math writer Joseph Mazur explains the fascinating history behind the development of our mathematical notation system. He shows how symbols were used initially, how one symbol replaced another over time, and how written math was conveyed before and after symbols became widely adopted.Traversing mathematical history and the foundations of numerals in different cultures, Mazur looks at how historians have disagreed over the origins of the numerical system for the past two centuries. He follows the transfigurations of algebra from a rhetorical style to a symbolic one, demonstrating that most algebra before the sixteenth century was written in prose or in verse employing the written names of numerals. Mazur also investigates the subconscious and psychological effects that mathematical symbols have had on mathematical thought, moods, meaning, communication, and comprehension. He considers how these symbols influence us (through similarity, association, identity, resemblance, and repeated imagery), how they lead to new ideas by subconscious associations, how they make connections between experience and the unknown, and how they contribute to the communication of basic mathematics.From words to abbreviations to symbols, this book shows how math evolved to the familiar forms we use today.

Mathematical notation --- History. --- Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī. --- Alexandria. --- Arabic alphabet. --- Arabic numbers. --- Arabs. --- Arithmetica Integra. --- Arithmetica. --- Ars Magna. --- Aztec numerals. --- Babylonians. --- Brahmagupta. --- Brahmasphutasiddhanta. --- Brahmi number system. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- China. --- Chinese. --- Christoff Rudolff. --- Clavis mathematicae. --- Die Coss. --- Diophantus. --- Egyptian hieroglyphics. --- Elements. --- Euclid. --- Eurasia. --- Europe. --- France. --- François Viète. --- Geometria. --- George Rusby Kaye. --- Gerbertian abacus. --- Gerolamo Cardano. --- Gottfried Leibniz. --- Gotthilf von Schubert. --- Greek alphabet. --- Heron of Alexandria. --- Hindu-Arabic numerals. --- Ibn al-Qifti. --- India. --- Indian mathematics. --- Indian numbers. --- Indian numerals. --- Invisible Gorilla experiment. --- Isaac Newton. --- Jacques Hadamard. --- Kanka. --- L'Algebra. --- Leonardo Fibonacci. --- Liber abbaci. --- Ludwig Wittgenstein. --- Mayan system. --- Metrica. --- Michael Stifel. --- Michel Chasles. --- Nicolas Chuquet. --- Proclus. --- Pythagorean theorem. --- Rafael Bombelli. --- René Descartes. --- Roman numerals. --- Royal Road. --- Sanskrit. --- Silk Road. --- St. Andrews cross. --- Stanislas Dehaene. --- Ta'rikh al-hukama. --- William Jones. --- William Oughtred. --- abacus. --- al-Qalasādi. --- algebra. --- algebraic expressions. --- algebraic symbols. --- alphabet. --- ancient number system. --- arithmetic. --- calculus. --- counting rods. --- counting. --- curves. --- decimal system. --- dependent variables. --- dignità. --- dreams. --- dust boards. --- equality. --- equations. --- exponents. --- finger counting. --- fluents. --- fluxions. --- forgeries. --- geometry. --- homogeneous equations. --- images. --- infinitesimals. --- juxtaposition. --- known quantities. --- language. --- mathematical notation. --- mathematics. --- meaning. --- mental pictures. --- metaphor. --- modern arithmetic. --- modern number system. --- multiplication. --- natural language. --- negative numbers. --- nested square roots. --- notation. --- number system. --- numbers. --- numerals. --- operations. --- place-value. --- poetry. --- polynomials. --- positive numbers. --- powers. --- prime numbers. --- proofs. --- quadratic equations. --- reckoning. --- sexagesimal system. --- square roots. --- symbolic algebra. --- symbols. --- thought. --- trade. --- verbal language. --- vinculum. --- vowel--consonant notation. --- words. --- writing.