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This study is focused on Clean Team, a social enterprise providing container-based sanitation (CBS) services in Kumasi, the second-largest city in Ghana with a population of 2.7 million in 2018. Clean Team is owned by Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), a nonprofit partnership between the private sector, civil society, and academia. Clean Team delivers a single service: rental and regular servicing of in-house portable toilets, which includes transporting feces to a centralized treatment facility but not the processing and reuse of excreta. Customers find the Clean Team toilet appealing and Clean Team services are affordable compared to other alternatives. External subsidies, provided through public and philanthropic grant funding, have been necessary for Clean Team to cover its costs. Clean Team has been working, with support from funders and external advisers, on improving the efficiency of its services and reducing costs. Going forward, Clean Team could benefit from a clearer policy environment, which would allow them to increase the scale of their operations based on a more cost-efficient business model.

Sanitation --- Waste Disposal and Utilization --- Waste Management --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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This case study examines the container-based sanitation (CBS) service provided by Sanergy and how its business model fits overall in Nairobi as well as specifically in informal settlements there. Sanergy's basic business concept is to provide safe sanitation to low-income residents of informal settlements in Nairobi and to create a sustainable value chain that converts feces into premium reuse products for agriculture. Sanergy provides single-cubicle, branded Fresh Life Toilets (FLTs) to franchisees for a fee and collects the excreta from the toilets on a frequent basis (daily or every two or three days). Satisfaction expressed by customers with Sanergy's toilets was high and users of Sanergy's toilets are paying much the same rates as they would for other toilet options. Overall, the FLT operation shows promise to provide a highly cost-effective sanitation solution at scale and the evolving policy landscape and significant investment by Sanergy and others has radically changed the status of CBS in a short time. Sanergy plans to scale significantly to serve as many as 500,000 people in its existing areas of operation, an ambitious expansion plan that will warrant further study and monitoring.

Sanitation and Sewerage --- Waste Management --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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In the face of urbanization, alternative approaches are needed to deliver adequate and inclusive sanitation services across the full sanitation service chain. Container-based sanitation (CBS) consists of an end-to-end service-that is, one provided along the whole sanitation service chain-that collects excreta hygienically from toilets designed with sealable, removable containers and strives to ensure that the excreta is safely treated, disposed of, and reused. This report builds on four case studies (SOIL - Haiti, x-runner - Peru, Clean Team - Ghana, Sanergy - Kenya) to assess the role CBS can play in a portfolio of solutions for citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) services. The authors conclude that CBS approaches should be part of the CWIS portfolio of solutions, especially for poor urban populations for whom alternative on-site or sewer-based sanitation services might not be appropriate. Customer satisfaction with existing services is high and services provided by existing CBS providers are considered safe but have some areas for improvement. While the proportion of total CBS service costs covered by revenues is still small, CBS services are considered to be priced similarly to the main sanitation alternatives in their service areas. Recommendations include adopting a conducive policy and regulatory environment and exploring ways to ensure that CBS services are sustainably financed. The report also identifies areas for further analysis.

Waste Disposal and Utilization --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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This report provides data and insights on the role of grant funding and concessional financing in meeting the Sustainable Development Goal for water (SDG 6, known as the water SDG). These sources of funding are collectively referred to in this report as aid flows to the water sector. This report was prepared as an input into the High-Level Panel on Water. Data analysis was conducted using two main databases on aid to the water sector. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Assistance Committee (OECD/ DAC) database is the most comprehensive, while the WASHfunders.org database provides complementary data on aid from philanthropic organizations. These databases were complemented by an inventory of the main institutions providing aid to the water sector, as well as interviews with selected providers of aid to the water sector, including leading multilateral development banks (MDBs), bilateral donor agencies, and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This analysis provides the basis for recommendations on how to improve the aid architecture to the water sector and mobilize financing to achieve the water SDG.

Access to Finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- International Financial Markets --- Sustainable Development Goals --- Water --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance

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This study focuses on Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization (NGO), and its operations mostly in Cap-Haitien, Haiti, and to a lesser extent in Port-au-Prince. SOIL, through its container-based program known as EkoLakay, operates mainly in the eastern part of Cap-Haitien in low-income areas characterized by a high population density, irregular alley layout, and higher exposure to floods (compared to the rest of the city). SOIL provides full-cycle ecological sanitation, where excreta is treated and transformed into compost, benefiting agricultural projects and development. SOIL is the only service provider in Cap-Haitien (and in Haiti at large) able to manage a sanitation system that covers the whole sanitation service chain, and customers expressed satisfaction with the toilet technology. While affordability is a key issue for customers and non-customers, the user fee is unlikely to cover all costs of the sanitation service, which includes excreta treatment and transformation. SOIL intends to transfer implementation and scale-up of its CBS business models to the public and private sectors in Haiti, making replicability and scalability key for their business model. To meet its ambitious target number of customers in Cap-Haitien and Port-au-Prince, SOIL will need to continue to influence the institutional environment, along with other organizations and donors in the sector.

Waste Management --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions