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EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 333.111.40 --- Seigniorage (Finance) --- -332.494 --- Uf6 --- Seigneurage (Finance) --- Seignorage (Finance) --- Finance --- Gelduitgifte en gelddekking: algemeen. --- 332.494 --- Gelduitgifte en gelddekking: algemeen

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While most economists agree that seigniorage is one way governments finance deficits, there is less agreement about the political, institutional, and economic reasons for relying on it. This paper investigates the main determinants of seigniorage using panel data on about 100 countries, for the period 1960-1999. Estimates show that greater political instability leads to higher seigniorage, especially in developing, less democratic, and socially polarized countries, with high inflation, low access to domestic and external debt financing and with higher turnover of central bank presidents. One important policy implication of this study is the need to develop institutions conducive to greater economic freedom as a means to lower the reliance on seigniorage financing of public deficits.

Budget deficits. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Financial institutions. --- Monetary policy. --- Political stability -- Economic aspects. --- Seigniorage (Finance). --- Banks and Banking --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Agribusiness --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Stabilization --- Treasury Policy --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Agriculture: General --- Monetary economics --- Macroeconomics --- Banking --- Agricultural economics --- Monetary base --- Central bank autonomy --- Agricultural sector --- Money --- Prices --- Central banks --- Economic sectors --- Money supply --- Agricultural industries --- United States

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343.1 <439> --- 336.2.04 <439> --- Money laundering investigation --- -Cash transactions --- -Banks and banking --- -330.05 --- 332.1 --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Criminal investigation --- 336.2.04 <439> Belastingontduiking. Belastingontwijking. Belastingfraude. Belastinghaven. Belastingvlucht--Hongarije --- Belastingontduiking. Belastingontwijking. Belastingfraude. Belastinghaven. Belastingvlucht--Hongarije --- 343.1 <439> Strafvordering --(algemeen)--Hongarije --- Strafvordering --(algemeen)--Hongarije --- Law and legislation --- Records and correspondence --- -Law and legislation --- -Criminal provisions --- AA / International- internationaal --- 333.111.6 --- 333.111.40 --- 336.300 --- Seigniorage (Finance) --- -Debts, Public --- 332.09439 --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Seigneurage (Finance) --- Seignorage (Finance) --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist. --- Gelduitgifte en gelddekking: algemeen. --- Overheidskrediet en rijksschuld: naslagwerken en principes. --- Money market. Capital market --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist --- Gelduitgifte en gelddekking: algemeen --- Overheidskrediet en rijksschuld: naslagwerken en principes --- -Money market. Capital market --- -Money laundering investigation