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In the past decade, significant progresses have taken place in the field of cancer immunotherapeutics. Tumor-targeting or adjuvant immunotherapies are being developed for most human cancers including melanoma, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, sarcoma, lung carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. New immunotherapeutics, such as Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4), have finished human trials and are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical treatment; cell-based immunotherapies such as adoptive cell transfer (ACT) have either been approved (i.e., sipuleucel-T) for the treatment of selected neoplastic malignancies or reached the stage of phase II/III clinical trials. Immunotherapetics has become a sophisticated field. Multimodal therapeutic regimens comprising several functional modules (up to 5 in the case of ACT) have been developed to provide more focused therapeutic responses with improved efficacy and reduced side effects. Despite the tremendous developments, a major challenge mains: the lack of effective and clinically-applicable methods. Due to the complex immunological responses of patients that involve both the organs with neoplastic lesion and the whole immune system, it is difficult to provide comprehensive assessment of therapeutic efficacy and mechanism in patients. Despite the rapid adaptation of advanced medical imaging modalities such as MRI and PET/CT scan and the gold standard pathological examination, there is still unmet demand in the clinic to best evaluate cancer-specific cellular immunity and functions. Flow cytometry analysis has modernized hematology and immunology, and is currently being adapted to clinical immune monitoring through a multi-center endeavour in the US. The study aims to normalize, standardize, and implement flow cytometry-based cellular immunity assay in routine clinical tests. In parallel, new technologies including single cell polyfunctional analysis and immunophenotyping microchip are being developed for rapid, informative, and longitudinal monitoring of immune response to anti-cancer treatment in the clinical settings, shedding new light to future clinical trials of cancer immunotherapies. These technologies were designed to address the major challenges caused by the complexity and functional heterogeneity of cancer biology and cellular immunity, and allow for comprehensive survey of both tumor and the immune system to identify their mechanistic interplay in response to cancer immunotherapy. In addition, new computational tools are required to integrate high dimensional data sets from comprehensive, single-cell level measurements of patient’s immune responses and render most accurate and definitive diagnostic decision facilitated by new immune monitoring tools. This new generation of informative, personalized clinical diagnostic tools will likely contribute to new understanding of therapy mechanism, pre-treatment stratification of patients, ongoing therapeutic monitoring and assessment.

Oncology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- immune assessment --- single cell analysis --- cancer immunotherapy --- tumor immunity --- immune suppression

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Medical microbiology & virology --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- individual microbe --- Single-Cell Analysis --- individual-based ecology --- Agent-based modeling --- research topic

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Light Microscopic Analysis of Mitochondrial Heterogeneity in Cell Populations and Within Single Cells, by S. Jakobs, S. Stoldt, and D. Neumann *  Advanced Microscopy of Microbial Cells, by J. A. J. Haagensen, B. Regenberg, and C. Sternberg * Algebraic and Geometric Understanding of Cells, Epigenetic Inheritance of Phenotypes Between Generations, by K. Yasuda *  Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Single Microbial Cells, by C. R. Thomas, J. D. Stenson, and Z. Zhang *  Single Cell Analytics: Pushing the Limits of the Doable,         by H. Kortmann, L.M. Blank, and A. Schmid  * Cultivation-Independent Assessment of Bacterial Viability, by F. Hammes, M. Berney, and T. Egli *  Resolution of Natural Microbial Community Dynamics by Community Fingerprinting, Flow Cytometry and Trend Interpretation Analysis, by P. Bombach, T. Hübschmann, I. Fetzer, S. Kleinsteuber, R. Geyer, H. Harms, and S. Müller *Multivariate Data Analysis Methods for the Interpretation of  Microbial Flow Cytometric Data, by H.M. Davey, and C.L. Davey *  From Single Cells to Microbial Population Dynamics: Modelling in Biotechnology Based on Measurements of Individual Cells, by T. Bley.

Phenomena and Processes --- Cytological Techniques --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Microbiological Techniques --- Single-Cell Analysis --- Microbiological Phenomena --- Biology --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Bioengineering --- Cytology --- Microorganisms --- Analysis. --- Germs --- Micro-organisms --- Microbes --- Microscopic organisms --- Chemistry. --- Spectroscopy. --- Biotechnology. --- Cell biology. --- Microscopy. --- Biological Microscopy. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Cell Biology. --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Physical sciences --- Qualitative --- Organisms --- Microbiology --- Cytology. --- Spectrometry --- Analytical chemistry --- Bacteria --- cells --- cytology --- microorganisms --- Bacteriology --- Cell counting --- Microscopy --- Biotechnology

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Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of protein tyrosine phosphatases with the ability to dephosphorylate Ser/Thr and Tyr residues from proteins, as well as from other non-proteinaceous substrates including signaling lipids. DUSPs include, among others, MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) and small-size atypical DUSPs. MKPs are enzymes specialized in regulating the activity and subcellular location of MAPKs, whereas the function of small-size atypical DUSPs seems to be more diverse. DUSPs have emerged as key players in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis. DUSPs regulate essential physiological processes, including immunity, neurobiology and metabolic homeostasis, and have been implicated in tumorigenesis, pathological inflammation and metabolic disorders. Accordingly, alterations in the expression or function of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs have consequences essential to human disease, making these enzymes potential biological markers and therapeutic targets. This Special Issue covers recent advances in the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs, and their relevance in human disease.

hematopoietic cells --- DEPArray --- n/a --- neuroblastoma --- liver steatosis --- MAPK phosphatase --- DUSP-4 --- granule neurons --- neuronal differentiation --- DUSP10 --- cytokines --- MAPKs --- single cell analysis --- macrophage --- asthma --- E. coli infection --- MAPK --- Cpp1 --- nucleotide receptors --- atypical DUSP --- RSV --- Pmp1 --- cannabinoids --- astrocytes --- sepsis --- influenza --- signaling --- triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) --- differentiation --- HDAC6 (histone deacetylase isoform 6) --- atypical dual-specificity phosphatases --- microtubules --- respiratory viruses --- MK-STYX (MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphoserine/threonine/tyrosine-binding protein) --- dual-specificity phosphatase --- Msg5 --- TLR signaling --- mitogen-activated protein kinase --- fungal MKPs --- macrophages --- MAP Kinase Phosphatase-2 --- inflammation --- Sdp1 --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- MAP kinases --- MAP kinase phosphatases --- P2X7 --- proliferation --- BDNF --- P2Y13 --- T cell --- hypertriglyceridemia --- integrated omics analysis --- post-translational modification --- rhinovirus --- protein stability --- ubiquitination --- dual-specificity phosphatases --- Mkp-1 --- cancer --- brain metastasis --- HER2 --- COPD --- pseudophosphatase

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Microfluidics-based devices play an important role in creating realistic microenvironments in which cell cultures can thrive. They can, for example, be used to monitor drug toxicity and perform medical diagnostics, and be in a static-, perfusion- or droplet-based device. They can also be used to study cell-cell, cell-matrix or cell-surface interactions. Cells can be either single cells, 3D cell cultures or co-cultures. Other organisms could include bacteria, zebra fish embryo, C. elegans, to name a few.

n/a --- screening --- microfluidic device --- cell homogenous dispersion structure --- RNA --- biomedical engineering --- neural networks --- single-cell mechanics --- on-chip cell incubator --- cell growth --- embryogenesis --- cancer stem cell --- intracellular proteins --- simultaneous multiple chamber observation --- instrumentation --- fnRBC --- cancer metastasis --- Wheatstone bridge --- capillary --- single-cell manipulation --- adherent cells --- nucleic acid --- micropipette aspiration --- sample preparation --- unsupervised learning --- cell motility --- capture efficiency --- bacterial concentration --- cbNIPD --- microfabrication --- drug resistance --- variational inference --- microfluidics --- periodic hydrostatic pressure --- paracrine signaling --- periodic pressure --- capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) --- bioMEMS --- microfluidic flow cytometry --- particle/cell imaging --- co-culture --- cells-in-gels-in-paper --- laminar flows --- E. coli --- printed-circuit-board (PCB) --- pneumatic microvalve --- time-lapse observation --- nanostructure --- 3D particle focusing --- target cell-specific binding molecules --- absolute quantification --- DNA --- zebrafish embryo --- microscopy --- 3D printing --- 3D flow focusing --- single-cell analysis