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Policy makers in Brazil attempted to improve human capital through changes in the legislated requirements for teacher education in 1996. They passed a national Law of Guidelines and Standards of Education that established 2007 as the deadline for all Brazilian basic education teachers to have tertiary education-level qualifications. This implied a significant change in the profile of teachers in basic education and in the provision of pre-service training. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the increase in the share of public upper secondary school teachers with higher education on students' performance in math and Portuguese and analyze the role of the pre-service training framework in the quality of teachers in recent years. The study carried out an empirical analysis to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated on public upper secondary students through the combination of difference-in-difference and propensity score matching methods. The analysis found no evidence of positive effects on Portuguese scores, and despite the statistically significant positive effect of the rise in teachers with higher education on math scores, there was no effect from specific math training. Finally, the paper discusses the possible reason for the ineffectiveness of teacher pre-service training, such as the quality of the training delivered by distance learning modalities and the low performance of the secondary students who enter the teacher schools.

Basic Education --- Distance Education --- Education --- Education Reform and Management --- Educational Policy and Planning --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Secondary Education --- Standardized Test Scores --- Student Achievement --- Student Performance --- Teacher Education --- Teacher Quality

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"A provocative and timely case for how the science of genetics can help create a more just and equal society. In recent years, scientists like Kathryn Paige Harden have shown that DNA makes us different, in our personalities and in our health-and in ways that matter for educational and economic success in our current society. In The Genetic Lottery, Harden introduces readers to the latest genetic science, dismantling dangerous ideas about racial superiority and challenging us to grapple with what equality really means in a world where people are born different. Weaving together personal stories with scientific evidence, Harden shows why our refusal to recognize the power of DNA perpetuates the myth of meritocracy, and argues that we must acknowledge the role of genetic luck if we are ever to create a fair society.Reclaiming genetic science from the legacy of eugenics, this groundbreaking book offers a bold new vision of society where everyone thrives, regardless of how one fares in the genetic lottery"--

Genetics --- Social aspects. --- Academic achievement. --- Adolescence. --- Alcoholism. --- Allele. --- Americans. --- Association for Psychological Science. --- Autism. --- Behavior. --- Behavioural genetics. --- Bioethics. --- Biology. --- Causal inference. --- Chromosome. --- Cookbook. --- Deaf culture. --- Developmental psychology. --- Economic inequality. --- Education. --- Educational attainment. --- Educational inequality. --- Effect size. --- Environmental factor. --- Equal opportunity. --- Equality of outcome. --- Estimation. --- Eugenics. --- Experiment. --- Explanation. --- Eye color. --- Genetic association. --- Genetic diversity. --- Geneticist. --- Genetics. --- Genome-wide association study. --- Genomics. --- Genotype. --- Grandparent. --- Hearing loss. --- Heredity. --- Heritability. --- Human behavior. --- Ideology. --- Income. --- Inference. --- Inferiority complex. --- Ingredient. --- Institution. --- Insurance. --- Intellectual disability. --- Level of analysis. --- Make A Difference. --- Measurement. --- Mental disorder. --- Meritocracy. --- Meta-analysis. --- Moral responsibility. --- My Child. --- Nature versus nurture. --- Obesity. --- On Intelligence. --- Oppression. --- Pessimism. --- Phenotype. --- Philosopher. --- Polygenic score. --- Prediction. --- Princeton University Press. --- Probability. --- Protein. --- Psychologist. --- Psychology. --- Race (human categorization). --- Racism. --- Result. --- Richard Lewontin. --- Russell Sage Foundation. --- Schizophrenia. --- Scientist. --- Sexism. --- Sibling. --- Social class. --- Social inequality. --- Social science. --- Social status. --- Socioeconomic status. --- Sociology. --- Sperm. --- Standardized test. --- Statistic. --- Suggestion. --- Superiority (short story). --- Symptom. --- Technology. --- The Bell Curve. --- The Philosopher. --- Theodosius Dobzhansky. --- Twin study. --- Twin. --- Underclass. --- Wealth.

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This book summarizes the latest developments in the area of human factors test and evaluation methods for automated vehicles. Future vehicles will allow a transition of responsibility from the driver to the automated driving system and vice versa. Drivers will have the opportunity to use a wide variety of different driver assistance systems within the same vehicle. This coexistence of different automation levels creates new challenges in the design of the vehicle’s human–machine interface (HMI), which have to be accounted for by human factors experts, both in industrial design and in academia. This book brings together the latest developments, empirical evaluations and guidelines on various topics, such as the design and evaluation of interior as well as exterior HMIs for automated vehicles, and the assessment of the impact of automated vehicles on non-automated road users and driver state assessment (e.g., fatigue, motion sickness, fallback readiness) during automated driving.

History of engineering & technology --- virtual reality --- automated driving --- pedestrians --- decision making --- crossing --- eHMI --- eye-tracking --- attention distribution --- road safety --- driverless vehicles --- behavioural adaptation --- SAE L3 motorway chauffeur --- system usage --- acceptance --- attention --- secondary task --- highly automated driving --- HAD --- takeover --- conditional automation --- intelligent vehicles --- objective complexity --- subjective complexity --- familiarity --- cognitive assistance --- takeover quality --- standardized test procedure --- use cases --- test protocol --- Adaptive HMI --- automotive user interfaces --- driver behaviour --- automated vehicles --- automated driving systems --- HMI --- guidelines --- heuristic evaluation --- checklist --- expert evaluation --- human-machine interface --- mode awareness --- conditionally automated driving --- human–machine interface --- usability --- validity --- method development --- motion sickness --- methodology --- driving comfort --- multi-vehicle simulation --- mixed traffic --- measurement method --- SAE Level 2 --- SAE Level 3 --- human factors --- human machine interface --- controllability --- L3Pilot --- marking automated vehicles --- automated vehicles―human drivers interaction --- explicit communication --- external human-machine interface --- (automated) vehicle–pedestrian interaction --- implicit communication --- Wizard of Oz --- video --- setup comparison/method comparison --- partially automated driving --- non-driving related tasks --- take-over situations --- test protocol development --- user studies (simulator --- closed circuit) --- sleep --- sleep inertia --- HMI design --- external human–machine interface --- interface size --- legibility --- spatiotemporal displays --- sensory augmentation --- reliability display --- uncertainty encoding --- automotive hmi --- human-machine cooperation --- cooperative driver assistance --- state transparency display --- self-driving vehicles --- test methods --- evaluation --- user studies --- driver state --- discomfort --- psychophysiology --- heart-rate variability (HRV) --- skin conductance response (SCR) --- highly automated driving (HAD)

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This book summarizes the latest developments in the area of human factors test and evaluation methods for automated vehicles. Future vehicles will allow a transition of responsibility from the driver to the automated driving system and vice versa. Drivers will have the opportunity to use a wide variety of different driver assistance systems within the same vehicle. This coexistence of different automation levels creates new challenges in the design of the vehicle’s human–machine interface (HMI), which have to be accounted for by human factors experts, both in industrial design and in academia. This book brings together the latest developments, empirical evaluations and guidelines on various topics, such as the design and evaluation of interior as well as exterior HMIs for automated vehicles, and the assessment of the impact of automated vehicles on non-automated road users and driver state assessment (e.g., fatigue, motion sickness, fallback readiness) during automated driving.

virtual reality --- automated driving --- pedestrians --- decision making --- crossing --- eHMI --- eye-tracking --- attention distribution --- road safety --- driverless vehicles --- behavioural adaptation --- SAE L3 motorway chauffeur --- system usage --- acceptance --- attention --- secondary task --- highly automated driving --- HAD --- takeover --- conditional automation --- intelligent vehicles --- objective complexity --- subjective complexity --- familiarity --- cognitive assistance --- takeover quality --- standardized test procedure --- use cases --- test protocol --- Adaptive HMI --- automotive user interfaces --- driver behaviour --- automated vehicles --- automated driving systems --- HMI --- guidelines --- heuristic evaluation --- checklist --- expert evaluation --- human-machine interface --- mode awareness --- conditionally automated driving --- human–machine interface --- usability --- validity --- method development --- motion sickness --- methodology --- driving comfort --- multi-vehicle simulation --- mixed traffic --- measurement method --- SAE Level 2 --- SAE Level 3 --- human factors --- human machine interface --- controllability --- L3Pilot --- marking automated vehicles --- automated vehicles―human drivers interaction --- explicit communication --- external human-machine interface --- (automated) vehicle–pedestrian interaction --- implicit communication --- Wizard of Oz --- video --- setup comparison/method comparison --- partially automated driving --- non-driving related tasks --- take-over situations --- test protocol development --- user studies (simulator --- closed circuit) --- sleep --- sleep inertia --- HMI design --- external human–machine interface --- interface size --- legibility --- spatiotemporal displays --- sensory augmentation --- reliability display --- uncertainty encoding --- automotive hmi --- human-machine cooperation --- cooperative driver assistance --- state transparency display --- self-driving vehicles --- test methods --- evaluation --- user studies --- driver state --- discomfort --- psychophysiology --- heart-rate variability (HRV) --- skin conductance response (SCR) --- highly automated driving (HAD)