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Mechanics, Applied --- Structural analysis (Engineering) --- Congresses --- Koiter, W. T. --- Congresses. --- Mechanics, Applied - Congresses --- Structural analysis (Engineering) - Congresses --- Koiter, W. T. - (Warner Tjardus)

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To determine most exactly the carrying capacity of a structure or a structural element has always been a major concern to any design engineer. For safety sensitive structures this implies not only situations of normal service conditions but also states near to failure or post-critical states in order to better prevent accidents by appropriate design. Among the rational design tools available to engineers, for this purpose the so-called "direct methods", embracing in particular limit- and shakedown analysis, have always been particularly attractive due to the fact that they allow to determine in a constructive way directly the limit loads of a structure. This holds true for simple loading by proportionally applied mechanical and thermal loads, but also for the more complicated situation of variable loading even in the case when the loading history is not deterministically given. The tremendous progress in computation over the last years has contributed very largely to the development of direct methods. They have left the realm of ad-hoc computing and can be used today for post-processing in combination with commercial design tools. Far from being comprehensive, given this very active field of scientific research and development, the papers presented in this book give an account of some of the most advanced results achieved over the last years by leading scientists in the field. This way, the book is meant to help the practical engineer to choose the right tool for his safety analysis of critical structures and to stimulate researchers to enter this most interesting field, reaching from highly abstract concepts up to the essential questions of practical engineering.

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1.1. SAFETY OF CIVIL STRUCTURES Society expects that the failure of civil structures is extremely rare and relies on the care and expertise of the professionals involved in the design, construction and maintenance of structures. This is in particular true for public technical systems such as transportation or energy supply systems and structures such as bridges. Structural safety may be defined as follows: “Adequate safety with respect to a hazard is ensured provided that the hazard is kept under control by appropriate measures or the risk is limited to an acceptable value. Absolute safety is not achievable.” It is thus not the structure as such that is designated safe but rather the people, goods and the environment in its surroundings. The continued use of existing structures is of great importance because the built environment is a huge economic and political asset, growing larger every year. Nowadays evaluation of the safety of existing structures is a major engineering task, and structural engineers are increasingly called upon to devise ways for extending the life of structures whilst observing tight cost constraints. Also, existing structures are expected to resist against accidental actions although they were not designed for. Engineers may apply specific methods for evaluation in order to preserve structures and to reduce a client’s expenditure. The ultimate goal is to limit construction intervention to a minimum, a goal that is clearly in agreement with the principles of sustainable development.

Buildings -- Natural disaster effects -- Congresses. --- Disasters -- Congresses. --- Emergency management -- Congresses. --- Structural analysis (Engineering) -- Congresses.Structural analysis (Engineering) -- Congresses. --- Structural analysis (Engineering) --- Disasters. --- Buildings --- Emergency management. --- Natural disaster effects. --- Consequence management (Emergency management) --- Disaster planning --- Disaster preparedness --- Disaster prevention --- Disaster relief --- Disasters --- Emergencies --- Emergency planning --- Emergency preparedness --- Calamities --- Catastrophes --- Architectural engineering --- Engineering, Architectural --- Structural mechanics --- Structures, Theory of --- Management --- Planning --- Preparedness --- Prevention --- Engineering. --- Civil engineering. --- Building. --- Construction. --- Engineering, Architectural. --- Building repair. --- Nature conservation. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Waste management. --- Building Construction. --- Nature Conservation. --- Civil Engineering. --- Waste Management/Waste Technology. --- Building Repair and Maintenance. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Design and construction. --- Repair and reconstruction. --- Public safety --- First responders --- Building failures --- Natural disasters --- Curiosities and wonders --- Accidents --- Hazardous geographic environments --- Structural engineering --- Waste disposal. --- Building construction. --- Building Construction and Design. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Engineering --- Public works --- Conservation --- Control --- Buildings—Design and construction. --- Buildings—Repair and reconstruction. --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Building reconstruction --- Building renovation --- Building repair --- Reconstruction of buildings --- Remodeling of buildings --- Renovation of buildings --- Maintenance --- Repairing --- Architecture --- Construction --- Construction science --- Structural design --- Construction industry --- Reconstruction --- Remodeling --- Renovation --- Protection --- Conservation and restoration --- Design and construction --- Emergency management --- War damage --- Natural disaster effects --- Edifices --- Halls --- Structures --- Built environment