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TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins --- Thyroid Gland --- Smad Proteins, receptor-Regulated

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Scarring of the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments is a hallmark of progressive kidney disease. Renal fibrosis involves a complex interplay between kidney cells, leukocytes and fibroblasts in which transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a key role. This eBook provides a comprehensive update on TGF-β signalling pathways and introduces a range of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in renal fibrosis both upstream and downstream of TGF-β. The wide variety of potential new targets described herein bodes well for the future development of effective therapies to tackle the major clinical problem of progressive renal fibrosis.

TGF-beta --- fibroblast --- JNK --- miRNA --- Smad --- non-classical RAS --- BMP7 --- HDAC --- HIPK2

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The recent isolation and identification of the TGFß receptors, as well as their intracellular mediating proteins, has driven the development of many new methodologies and techniques for the study of TGFß. In Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Protocols, Philip H. Howe and a group of well-versed experimentalists present the first major collection of indispensable classic and cutting-edge TGFß assays. Described in great detail to ensure robust and successful results, these readily reproducible techniques range from the growth inhibition assay for TGFß to methodologies for monitoring its interactions with the mediating proteins. Extensive notes discuss potential pitfalls and provide tips on how to avoid failures, and throughout, emphasis is given to detailing those technical steps critical for experimental success that are often omitted in the primary literature. Concise and highly practical, Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Protocols provides today's molecular and cell biologists-both expert and novice-with time-tested methods for the identification and analysis of the signal transduction pathways by which TGFß induces and modulates physiological behavior.

Transforming growth factors-beta --- Transforming growth factors. --- TGF (Peptides) --- Tumor growth factors --- Biological response modifiers --- Growth factors --- Beta transforming growth factors --- TGF-beta (Peptide) --- Transforming growth factor beta --- Transforming growth factors --- Cytology. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists

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Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a secreted polypeptide with multifunctional properties manifested during embryonic development, adult organ physiology, and pathobiology of major diseases, including cancer and fibrotic and cardiovascular diseases. The signaling pathway of TGF-β now is rather well understood. Continuing revelations in the mechanisms of action of TGF-β provide specific mechanistic examples of how human cells lose their controlled function and behave wrongly during the development of diverse diseases. Equally important, however, is the current promise of exploiting the TGF-β pathway in combating human disease. This book comprehensively covers major areas of human disease where the involvement of TGF-β is firmly established. Simultaneously, the book highlights major gaps in knowledge and the future directions of research that can benefit human medical science. The core set of diseases where TGF-β action is well documented and are included in the book are cancer and cardiovascular and fibrotic disorders. The central aim of the book is to stimulate young scientists to enter the prolific TGF-β field and find new solutions to the problems remaining in this area of study. For this purpose the book provides authoritative educational chapters that furnish a good introduction to the field for young doctoral students, postdocs, and clinical fellows. The book also serves as a valuable reference for the aficionados in the field, who can find accessible and well-illustrated material for their teaching and lecturing activities, via which the importance of TGF-β biology is disseminated to the world of science and to the public.

Cell differentiation. --- Cell proliferation. --- Transforming growth factors-beta. --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Cytokines --- Pathophysiology. --- Beta transforming growth factors --- TGF-beta (Peptide) --- Transforming growth factor beta --- Life sciences. --- Cancer research. --- Cytokines. --- Growth factors. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Cytokines and Growth Factors. --- Cell Biology. --- Cancer Research. --- Cellular immunity --- Immune response --- Transforming growth factors --- Regulation

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Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving research field which effectively combines stem cells and biologic scaffolds in order to replace damaged tissues. Biologic scaffolds can be produced through the removal of resident cellular populations using several tissue engineering approaches, such as the decellularization method. Indeed, the decellularization method aims to develop a cell-free biologic scaffold while keeping the extracellular matrix (ECM) intact. Furthermore, biologic scaffolds have been investigated for their in vitro potential for whole organ development. Currently, clinical products composed of decellularized matrices, such as pericardium, urinary bladder, small intestine, heart valves, nerve conduits, trachea, and vessels, are being evaluated for use in human clinical trials. Tissue engineering strategies require the interaction of biologic scaffolds with cellular populations. Among them, stem cells are characterized by unlimited cell division, self-renewal, and differentiation potential, distinguishing themselves as a frontline source for the repopulation of decellularized matrices and scaffolds. Under this scheme, stem cells can be isolated from patients, expanded under good manufacturing practices (GMPs), used for the repopulation of biologic scaffolds and, finally, returned to the patient. The interaction between scaffolds and stem cells is thought to be crucial for their infiltration, adhesion, and differentiation into specific cell types. In addition, biomedical devices such as bioreactors contribute to the uniform repopulation of scaffolds. Until now, remarkable efforts have been made by the scientific society in order to establish the proper repopulation conditions of decellularized matrices and scaffolds. However, parameters such as stem cell number, in vitro cultivation conditions, and specific growth media composition need further evaluation. The ultimate goal is the development of “artificial” tissues similar to native ones, which is achieved by properly combining stem cells and biologic scaffolds and thus bringing them one step closer to personalized medicine. The original research articles and comprehensive reviews in this Special Issue deal with the use of stem cells and biologic scaffolds that utilize state-of-the-art tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches.

nerve conduit --- tissue engineering --- regenerative medicine --- mixed lymphocyte reaction --- histological images --- future scaffold engineering --- multiparameter --- 3DPVS --- MSCs --- Wnt signaling --- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells --- factorial design --- novel scaffold --- Wharton’s Jelly tissue --- stem cells --- umbilical arteries --- SDS --- platelet rich plasma --- TGF? signaling --- traditional scaffold --- pluripotency and commitment --- tissue engineered construct --- HLA-G --- CHAPS --- platelets --- proteomic analysis --- vibrating nature of universe. --- VS55 --- cell culture --- FGF signaling --- evolution of scaffold --- dynamicity and dimensionality --- fibrin gel --- scaffold classification --- decellularization --- vitrification --- seven-folder logics --- IIEF-5 questionnaire --- TGF-?1 --- erectile dysfunction --- human induced pluripotent stem cells --- iPSCs --- scaffolds --- Barret’s esophagus --- nerve regeneration --- long term storage --- laws of system evolution --- scaffold categorization --- platelet lysate --- 3D scaffold --- esophagus --- language of relativity --- cord blood units