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In the era of precision medicine, the use of molecularly targeted therapies in selected patients has led to a paradigm change in cancer treatment. Multiple studies have demonstrated the benefits of therapies that are chosen based on the molecular profile of the tumor and also from the liquid biopsy. With genomics' increasing ability, a routine transcriptomics analysis of advanced/metastatic cancers is now feasible in most cancer hospitals, including community cancer centers. This is an unprecedented shift in the management of cancers irrespective of their organ types, which not only improved the outcome but also opened several new avenues in research and practice, such as immune-check-point inhibitors, tumor-TME co-evolution in the development of resistance, longitudinal liquid biopsies, biomarkers screening and the management of electronic medical records.This book brings together these crucial areas of investigation. The research presented here attempts to address the current issues to provoke thoughts for the future. The future of precision medicine will have to embrace a shift from in vitro, in vivo/PDX models for the mechanistic study to a more functional test based on the scientific interrogation of genomic data, in the form of functional precision medicine. We will also have to combat the element of noise in the multitudes of data and impart the regulatory structure to make judicious use of the data. The expectations for functional precision medicine are high. We aspire to witness a tremendous improvement in patient outcomes, from better to best, down the road that will match the clinical guidelines.

Medicine --- Oncology --- pediatric tumors --- tumor mutational burden --- TMB --- whole-exome sequencing --- gene panel sequencing --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- glioblastoma prognosis --- overall survival --- extent of resection --- random forest --- Decision tree --- personalized precision oncology --- circulating free DNA --- liquid biopsy --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- tyrosine kinase inhibitor --- osimertinib --- comprehensive genomic profiling --- molecular genotyping --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multiple biopsies --- tumor evolution --- clonality classification --- strategic therapeutic intervention --- thymoma --- driver mutation --- sequencing --- molecular barcoding --- EGFR mutation --- EGFR-TKI --- cfDNA --- NGS --- digital enrichment --- next-generation sequencing --- solid cancer --- universal health-care system --- precision medicine --- presumed germline findings --- clinical guideline --- non-small cell lung cancer --- outcome --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase --- HNSCC --- ctDNA --- tDNA --- DDR genes --- PARP inhibitors --- new drug development --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- open data --- regulatory reform --- tumor profiling test --- triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) --- breast cancer --- targeted therapy --- TNBC subtypes --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- screening --- smoking --- electronic records --- PD-L1 --- cancer-associated fibroblasts --- resistance --- chemotherapy --- CTC --- immunocytochemistry --- parallel double-detection --- laboratory-friendly --- n/a

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In the era of precision medicine, the use of molecularly targeted therapies in selected patients has led to a paradigm change in cancer treatment. Multiple studies have demonstrated the benefits of therapies that are chosen based on the molecular profile of the tumor and also from the liquid biopsy. With genomics' increasing ability, a routine transcriptomics analysis of advanced/metastatic cancers is now feasible in most cancer hospitals, including community cancer centers. This is an unprecedented shift in the management of cancers irrespective of their organ types, which not only improved the outcome but also opened several new avenues in research and practice, such as immune-check-point inhibitors, tumor-TME co-evolution in the development of resistance, longitudinal liquid biopsies, biomarkers screening and the management of electronic medical records.This book brings together these crucial areas of investigation. The research presented here attempts to address the current issues to provoke thoughts for the future. The future of precision medicine will have to embrace a shift from in vitro, in vivo/PDX models for the mechanistic study to a more functional test based on the scientific interrogation of genomic data, in the form of functional precision medicine. We will also have to combat the element of noise in the multitudes of data and impart the regulatory structure to make judicious use of the data. The expectations for functional precision medicine are high. We aspire to witness a tremendous improvement in patient outcomes, from better to best, down the road that will match the clinical guidelines.

pediatric tumors --- tumor mutational burden --- TMB --- whole-exome sequencing --- gene panel sequencing --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- glioblastoma prognosis --- overall survival --- extent of resection --- random forest --- Decision tree --- personalized precision oncology --- circulating free DNA --- liquid biopsy --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- tyrosine kinase inhibitor --- osimertinib --- comprehensive genomic profiling --- molecular genotyping --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multiple biopsies --- tumor evolution --- clonality classification --- strategic therapeutic intervention --- thymoma --- driver mutation --- sequencing --- molecular barcoding --- EGFR mutation --- EGFR-TKI --- cfDNA --- NGS --- digital enrichment --- next-generation sequencing --- solid cancer --- universal health-care system --- precision medicine --- presumed germline findings --- clinical guideline --- non-small cell lung cancer --- outcome --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase --- HNSCC --- ctDNA --- tDNA --- DDR genes --- PARP inhibitors --- new drug development --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- open data --- regulatory reform --- tumor profiling test --- triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) --- breast cancer --- targeted therapy --- TNBC subtypes --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- screening --- smoking --- electronic records --- PD-L1 --- cancer-associated fibroblasts --- resistance --- chemotherapy --- CTC --- immunocytochemistry --- parallel double-detection --- laboratory-friendly --- n/a

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The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a central regulator for human physiological activity. Deregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in a variety of disorders, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The papers published in this Special Issue summarize the current understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in the regulation of tissue regeneration, regulatory T cell differentiation and function, and different types of cancer including hematologic malignancies, skin, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancer. The findings highlight that targeting mTOR pathway is a promising strategy to fight against certain human diseases.

Medicine --- mTOR --- histone deacetylase --- prostate cancer --- integrins --- adhesion --- invasion --- cell metabolism --- T cells --- Foxp3 --- Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia --- targeted therapy --- metabolism --- cell signalling --- mTOR signalling --- head and neck cancer --- mutant genes --- biomarkers --- targeted therapies --- clinical trials --- cancers --- inhibitors --- photodynamic therapy --- PI3K --- Akt --- skin cancers --- phytochemicals --- melanoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Merkel cell carcinoma --- TNBC --- eribulin --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- everolimus --- combination --- synergy --- mTOR signaling --- tissue regeneration --- neuron --- muscle --- liver --- intestine --- hematologic malignancies --- regulatory T cells --- tumor

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This Special Issue of Cancers (Basel) is mainly dedicated to selecting papers from the talks given during the first Joint Meeting on Lung Cancer (JMLC) between the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Texas USA) and the Hospital University Federation (HUF) OncoAge (University Côte d’Azur, Nice, France) (Nice, September 2018). The central theme of JMLC is to discuss new advances and exchange ideas regarding lung cancer. Notably, the talks covered different topics on new therapeutic strategies (targeted therapy and immuno-oncology), molecular and cellular biology, biomarkers, and the epidemiology of lung cancer. Special attention was also given to lung cancer in elderly patients. The articles published in this Special Issue covered subjects such as the assessment of new biomarkers and new approaches for the early detection of lung cancer, epidemiological data, and emphasized a place for the newly characterized cellular pathways in lung cancer, which opens room for therapeutic perspectives for lung cancer patients.

microRNAs --- multiplexed --- screening --- education --- non-smoker --- image analysis --- artificial intelligence --- research --- lung cancer --- spatial analysis --- optimization --- fluorescence --- geriatric assessment --- geriatric interventions --- TNBC --- liquid biopsy --- non-small cell lung cancer --- integrated approaches --- well-being --- hormone-like action --- EGFR mutations --- reversal of EMT --- tumor plasticity --- immune profiling --- macrophage --- multiplexed methodologies --- targeted treatment --- techniques --- immune-oncology --- bioinformatics --- MALAT1 --- long non-coding RNAs --- CD8 T Cells --- personal medicine --- EGFR TKIs --- lncRNA --- hormones --- elderly --- interleukin-1? and immunometabolism --- chromogenic --- xenograft --- metastasis --- PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade --- immunotherapy --- molecular --- cancer tissues --- digital --- NSCLC --- immune blockade --- lung adenocarcinoma --- circulating tumor cells --- brightfield --- non-coding RNAs --- older adults --- cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- aging --- rational therapy

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The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm represents one of the most prominent breakthroughs of the last decades in tumor biology. CSCs are that subpopulation within a tumor that can survive conventional therapies and as a consequence are able to fuel tumor recurrence. Nevertheless, the biological characteristics of CSCs and even their existence, remain the main topic among tumor biologists debates. The difficulty in achieving a better definition of CSC biology may actually be explained by the plasticity of such a cell subpopulation. Indeed, the emerging view is that CSCs represent a dynamic “state” of tumor cells that can acquire stemness-related properties under specific circumstances, rather than referring to a well-defined group of cells. Regardless of their origin, it is clear that designing novel antitumor treatments based on the eradication of CSCs will only be possible upon unraveling the biological mechanisms that underlie their pathogenic role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. The Special Issue on “New aspects of cancer stem cell biology: implications for innovative therapies” aims at highlighting recent insights into CSC features that can make them an attractive target for novel therapeutic strategies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Cadherin 11 --- WNT signaling --- β-catenin --- cancer stem cells --- TNBC --- early breast cancer --- bevacizumab --- neoadjuvant chemotherapy --- ALDH1 --- solid cancer --- chemo-resistance --- HDAC inhibitors --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- SRC --- dasatinib --- saracatinib --- EC-8042 --- Ovarian cancer --- Wnt signaling --- tumor progression --- therapy resistance --- exosomes --- oral cancer risk --- oral epithelial dysplasia --- SOX2 --- immunohistochemistry --- oral squamous cell carcinoma --- genome-wide --- transcriptome --- lung cancer --- ATAC-seq --- RNA-seq --- CSCs --- NSCLC --- B4GALT1 --- LUAD --- breast cancer --- lipid --- metabolism --- therapeutic resistance --- bowel cancer --- organoid --- tumoroid --- colorectal --- colon --- stem cell --- chemotherapy resistance --- ovarian cancer --- cancer stem cell --- genetic heterogeneity --- SNP array --- L1CAM --- chemoresistance --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- cancer therapy --- cell adhesion molecule