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This paper uses 1-2-3 survey data on the Democratic Republic of Congo to analyze heterogeneity in the informal sector. It empirically identifies three types of entrepreneurs in the sector. The first group of entrepreneurs-top performers-is growth oriented and enjoys greater access to capital. The second group-constrained gazelles-includes entrepreneurs who share many characteristics, especially management skills, with the top performers, but operate with less capital. The third group-survivalists-comprises firms struggling to grow. Based on logit and fixed effect ordinary least squares models, the results presented in this paper show that poverty and income inequality are more common among constrained gazelles and survivalists. The paper also shows that income inequality is explained mainly by educational disparities and lack of credit access among entrepreneurs. Additionally, the outcomes of a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition show that the performance of firms is a key factor in explaining differences in income. Examining the drivers of performance, the paper finds that human capital and managerial skills are important engines of performance.

Firm Performance --- Income Inequality --- Industry --- Informal Sector --- Science and Technology Development --- Technology Industry --- Technology Innovation

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This study analyses how the Syrian refugee inflows into turkey affected firm entry and performance. To estimate the casual effects, instrumental variables, difference-indifferences and synthetic control methodologies are used. The results suggest that hosting refugees is favourable for firms. Total firm entry does not seem to be significantly affected. However, there is a substantial increase in the number of new foreign-owned firms. In line with the increase in new foreign-owned firms, there is some indication of growth in gross profits and net sales.

Firm Entry --- Firm Performance --- Industry --- Refugees --- Science and Technology Development --- Technology Industry --- Technology Innovation

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Libraries --- Information technology --- Information technology. --- Technological innovations --- Technological innovations. --- Library and Information Sciences --- General and Others --- library technology innovation

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Artificial intelligence (AI) - the science of making machines act in rational, intelligent ways is rapidly making inroads into business operations and society. AI is already being applied in many areas of our lives, with high penetration in financial services followed by e-commerce, healthcare, education, agriculture, and manufacturing. Emerging markets can benefit significantly from AI: Its applications are providing new ways to leapfrog infrastructure gaps and solve pressing development challenges in critical sectors. This report explores the latest AI applications and trends in emerging markets and includes several examples of how AI is expanding opportunities and contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It also sheds light on how investors, clients, and governments can harness its full potential while minimizing its risks, when managed effectively and with safeguards in place, AI can facilitate private investment to reduce poverty and improve lives at a pace inconceivable only a decade ago.

Artificial Intelligence --- ICT Applications --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Science and Technology Development --- Technology Innovation

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The Earth's climate has already begun to change and will inevitably continue to do so. Even if the targets set in the Paris Agreement are met-to keep the global surface temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius relative to preindustrial levels-many regions will still suffer severely from the consequences of climate change. They will have more frequent extreme weather events, changes in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, temperature increases, and many other related effects (IPCC 2018). In this context, technology is certainly a major tool to increase societies' ability to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change (Klein and Tol 1997; Miao 2017; GCA 2019). International technology transfer hence becomes particularly important because a large fraction of the innovation activity in today's knowledge-based economy takes place in the Global North, while technologies for climate change adaptation are urgently needed in low- and middle-income countries, which are particularly vulnerable to climate shocks (Fankhauser and McDermott 2014) Increasing the availability of technology in vulnerable countries requires knowledge of the current geography of innovation. To that end, this report uses patent data to describe and quantify the invention and global diffusion of technologies for climate change adaptation over recent decades based on a global patent database. Importantly, relying on patent data restricts the scope of the analysis to solutions for adaptation that are at the technological frontier and excludes the role of nontechnological forms of innovation and low-tech options. A particular emphasis is put on the case of low- and middle-income countries, which combine high vulnerability to climate change with low technological resources. The analysis relies on patent data from the World Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT), maintained by the European Patent Office (EPO), which covers the population of patents filed worldwide. We use the EPO's new "Y02A" category to identify all patents in PATSTAT pertaining to "technologies for adaptation to climate change." The classification was released in April 2018 and has so far never been used in empirical analyses. Although innovation scholars and analysts widely use patent data to map technology fields, such data do have some drawbacks, as the report discusses. The patent data are thus complemented with data on foreign direct investment (FDI), which allow us to test the robustness of the results on technology transfer.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Environment --- Environmental Engineering --- Patents --- Science and Technology Development --- Science of Climate Change --- Technology Innovation --- Technology Transfer