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The many-faceted efforts to understand the structure and interactions of atoms over the past hundred years have contributed decisively and dramatically to the explosive development of physics. There is hardly a branch of modern physical science that does not in some seminal way rely on the fundamental principles and mathematical and experimental insights that derive from these studies. In particular, the drive to understand the singular features of the hydrogen atom--simultaneously the archetype of all atoms and the least typical atom--spurred many of the twentieth century's advances in physics and chemistry. This book gives an in-depth account of the author's own penetrating experimental and theoretical investigations of the hydrogen atom, while simultaneously providing broad lessons in the application of quantum mechanics to atomic structure and interactions. A pioneer in the combined use of atomic accelerators and radiofrequency spectroscopy for probing the internal structure of the hydrogen atom, Mark Silverman examines the general principles behind this far-reaching experimental approach. Fast-moving protons are directed into gas or foil targets from which they capture electrons to become hydrogen atoms moving uniformly at very high speeds. During their rapid passage through the spectroscopy chamber of the atomic accelerator, these atoms reveal by the light they emit fascinating details of their internal configuration and the interactions that created them. Silverman examines the effects of radiofrequency fields on the hydrogen atom clearly and systematically, explaining the details of these interactions at different levels of complexity and refinement, each level illuminating the physical processes involved from different and complementary perspectives. Readers interested in diverse areas of physics and physical chemistry will appreciate both the theoretical and practical implications of Silverman's studies and the personal style with which he relays them. This is a work of not only an outstanding research physicist, but a fine teacher who understands how curiosity underlies all science.
Atomic structure. --- Back-Goudsmit effect. --- Bohr magneton. --- Bohr radius. --- Clebsch-Gordan coefficient. --- Dirac zeta function. --- Doppler broadening. --- Fermi contact interaction. --- Fermi golden rule. --- Gaussian lineshape. --- Green's function. --- Hermitian operator. --- Huygen's principle. --- Laplace equation. --- Pauli spin matrices. --- Ramsay method. --- Stark effect. --- Thomas precession. --- acceleration potential. --- angular distribution function. --- annihilation operator. --- anticommutator. --- antiresonant frequency. --- basis states. --- coherence terms. --- collisional broadening. --- counter-rotating frame. --- density matrix. --- detection operator. --- diamagnetic interaction. --- efficiency matrix. --- eigenvalue problem. --- extraction potential. --- field mode density. --- fine structure constant. --- gas target. --- gyromagnetic ratio. --- helicity. --- impedance mismatch. --- interaction representation. --- level anticrossing. --- lineshape narrowing. --- occupation probabilities. --- optical signal function. --- paraxial ray equation. --- periodic table. --- polarization of the vacuum. --- power saturation curve. --- quantum interference. --- quantum numbers. --- reflection coefficient. --- resonant frequency. --- selection rules.
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How Social Security has shaped American politics—and why it faces insolvencySince its establishment, Social Security has become the financial linchpin of American retirement. Yet demographic trends—longer lifespans and declining birthrates—mean that this popular program now pays more in benefits than it collects in revenue. Without reforms, 83 million Americans will face an immediate benefit cut of 20 percent in 2034. How did we get here and what is the solution? In Fixing Social Security, R. Douglas Arnold explores the historical role that Social Security has played in American politics, why Congress has done nothing to fix its insolvency problem for three decades, and what legislators can do to save it.What options do legislators have as the program nears the precipice? They can raise taxes, as they did in 1977, cut benefits, as they did in 1983, or reinvent the program, as they attempted in 2005. Unfortunately, every option would impose costs, and legislators are reluctant to act, fearing electoral retribution. Arnold investigates why politicians designed the system as they did and how between 1935 and 1983 they allocated—and reallocated—costs and benefits among workers, employers, and beneficiaries. He also examines public support for the program, and why Democratic and Republican representatives, once political allies in expanding Social Security, have become so deeply polarized about fixing it.As Social Security edges closer to crisis, Fixing Social Security offers a comprehensive analysis of the political fault lines and a fresh look at what can be done—before it is too late.
Social security. --- Social security --- United States. --- Actuary. --- Affirmative action. --- Amendment. --- Amplitude. --- Awareness. --- Baby boomers. --- Beneficiary (trust). --- Beneficiary. --- Bipartisan Policy Center. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Clean Air Act (United States). --- Committee. --- Compton wavelength. --- Consideration. --- Constant term. --- Determinant. --- Donor. --- Economic equilibrium. --- Edward Gramlich. --- Einstein–Hilbert action. --- Electromagnetic field. --- Employment. --- Environmental movement. --- Equations of motion. --- Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax. --- Financial market. --- G.I. Bill. --- Gauge theory. --- General relativity. --- Gradualism. --- Hilbert space. --- Homeland security. --- Income. --- Infant. --- Insolvency. --- Institution. --- Interview. --- Karl Rove. --- Legislation. --- Legislator. --- Life expectancy. --- Longevity. --- Magnetostatics. --- Mass–energy equivalence. --- Medicare Part B. --- Metric tensor (general relativity). --- Momentum operator. --- New Course. --- News conference. --- Optical fiber. --- Otto Kerner Jr. --- Path length. --- Pension. --- Percentage. --- Physicist. --- Point particle. --- Policy. --- Politician. --- Private sector. --- Privatization. --- Provision (accounting). --- Quantity. --- Real number. --- Reproductive rights. --- Retirement age. --- Retirement. --- Running mate. --- Scalar field. --- Severity (video game). --- Sexism. --- Social Security Administration. --- Social Security Benefits. --- Solvency. --- Special relativity. --- Spinor field. --- Supermajority. --- Tax rate. --- Tax. --- Taxable Wage Base. --- Taxpayer. --- Thomas precession. --- Time derivative. --- Tom Daschle. --- Total revenue. --- Transverse mode. --- Voting methods in deliberative assemblies. --- Wage. --- Welfare.
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