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Tien Shan. --- Tien Shan.

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Geography --- Tien-Shan

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The geological evolution of Central Asia commenced with the formation of a complex Precambrian-Palaeozoic orogen. Cimmerian blocks were then accreted to the southern margin in the Mesozoic, leading to tectonic reactivation of older structures and discrete episodes of basin formation. The Indian and Arabian blocks collided with Asia in the Cenozoic, leading to renewed structural reactivation, intracontinental deformation and basin development. This complex evolution resulted in the present-day setting of an elongated Tien Shan range flanked by large Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary basins with smaller intramontane basins distributed within the range. This volume presents multidisciplinary results and reviews from research groups in Europe and Central Asia that focus on the western part of the Tien Shan and some of the adjacent large sedimentary basins. These works elucidate the Late Palaeozoic-Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the area. Emphasis is given to the collision of terranes and continents and the ensuing fault reactivations. The impact of climatic changes on sedimentation is also examined.

Geology --- Sedimentary basins --- Sedimentary basins. --- Geology. --- Tien Shan. --- Asia, Central.

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In the mid-nineteenth century the eyes of western European explorers were firmly fixed on advancing inland from former maritime colonies in the Americas, Africa, the Indian sub-continent and Australasia, their motives often being inextricably bound up with concerns of imperial politics and commerce. Simultaneously, further east, Russians resumed their perceived mission to civilise Asia, following their own country's humiliation during the Crimean War. From a springboard of Siberian territories acquired gradually over the previous three centuries, discovery and expansion radiated from the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, founded in 1845 and incorporating initiatives drawn from descendants of immigrant French and German scientists who themselves inspired a new generation of liberal intellectuals. A key personality in that movement was the Society's librarian and secretary of its physical geography section, P. P. Semenov (1827-1914), a member of a minor gentry family who had been tutored by a pupil of Linnacus and who had studied under Ritter and von Humboldt at Berlin during a tour of Europe in 1853-4. From them he conceived the notion of travelling to the virtually unknown lands of Central Asia, ostensibly to verify opinions on the existence there of active volcanoes and glaciers. In reality his ambition was to penetrate beyond the Kazakh steppe and to reach the fabled Celestial Mountains, the Tian'-Shan' range, which constituted the politically sensitive border between Russia and China and the equally hostile buffer zone of Muslim kahnates. Accompanied only by a serf servant, in May 1856 Semenov embarked on a 18-month journey from St Petersburg through Kazan' to Semipalatinsk, and thence via the Altai to the newly established Russian settlement of Vernoe (later Alma-Ata, now Almaty). Subsequently he received a Cossack escort on his trek into the high plateaus and ridges surrounding Issyk-kul', to 'the very heart of Asia'. Throughout his

Mountains --- Description and travel --- Semenov-Ti︠a︡nʹ-Shanskiī, Petr Petrovich, --- Travel --- Tien Shan --- Description and travel.

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The devastating effects caused by the recent catastrophic earthquakes that took place all over the world from Japan, New Zealand, to Chile, as well as those occurring in the Mediterranean basin, have once again shown that ground motion, although a serious source of direct damage, is not the only parameter to be considered, with most damage being the result of coseismic geological effects that are directly connected to the earthquake source or caused by ground shaking. The primary environmental effects induced by earthquakes as well as the secondary effects (sensu Environmental Seismic Intensity - ESI 2007 scale) must be considered for a more correct and complete evaluation of seismic hazards, at both regional and local scales. This Special Issue aims to collect all contributions that, using different methodologies, integrate new data produced with multi-disciplinary and innovative methods. These methodologies are essential for the identification and characterization of seismically active areas, and for the development of new hazard models, obtained using different survey techniques. The topic attracted a lot of interest, 19 peer-reviewed articles were collected; moreover, different areas of the world have been analyzed through these methodologies: Italy, USA, Spain, Australia, Ecuador, Guatemala, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, China, Japan, and Nepal.

Research & information: general --- Arctic–Asian seismic belt --- regional segment --- active fault --- paleoseismogenic structure --- Late Cenozoic deformation --- earthquake mechanism --- seismotectonic deformation --- potential seismicity --- earthquake hazard --- DIC --- CPO --- model selection --- Pohang earthquake --- South Korea --- ground effects --- liquefaction --- geological control --- fault barrier --- seismic hazard --- earthquake hazards --- ESI scale 2007 --- EEE database --- microtremor H/V spectral ratio --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity structure --- site amplification --- Ulaanbaatar --- earthquake environmental effects --- Suusamyr earthquake --- Kyrgyzstan --- Tien Shan --- surface rupture --- landslide --- digital elevation model (DEM) --- Structure-from-Motion --- earthquake-induced landslide --- fully probabilistic technique --- Newmark’s method --- Sakhalin Island --- risk --- machine learning --- expert estimate --- maximum possible magnitudes of earthquakes --- one class classification --- seismic zoning --- earthquake forecasting --- paleoliquefaction --- paleoearthquake --- ESI-07 scale --- earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) --- earthquake archaeological effects (EAEs) --- intensity maps --- seismic scenarios --- earthquake catalogues --- Spain --- emergency shelter --- earthquake --- disaster --- weighted coefficient --- suitability analysis --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- catalog incompleteness --- coseismic landslides --- macroseismic intensity --- Pedernales earthquake --- Ecuador --- georisk --- probabilistic seismic hazard --- ESI scale --- ground-shaking map --- Guatemala --- Intraplate earthquake --- Australian earthquakes --- reverse earthquake --- ESI 2007 scale --- historical and recent earthquakes --- attenuation --- GMPE --- crustal model --- MMI --- intraplate region --- mass movements --- inventory map --- amalgamation --- earth observation (EO) --- spatial resolution --- in situ tests --- laboratory tests --- soil liquefaction --- cyclic triaxial tests