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Betula pubescens --- -Plant ecology --- -Timberline --- -Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Forest ecology --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Botany --- Plants --- Ecology --- Betula alba --- Betula odorata --- Hairy birch --- White birch (Betula pubescens) --- Birch --- -Betula pubescens --- Downy birch --- Plant ecology --- Timberline --- Alpine timberline --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology

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Mountain ecosystems belong to the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Especially, the treeline ecotone acts as an indicator for environmental change. However, ecological processes in the treeline ecotone are not yet completely understood. The studies provided in this book may contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between vegetation, climate, fauna, and soils in the treeline ecotone. An introductory chapter is given on plants living under extreme conditions, climate change aspects, and methods for characterization of alpine soils. The following articles focus on mountainous areas in America, Europe and Asia. The Working Group on Mountain and Northern Ecosystems at the Insti- te of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster (Germany), has been working on topics related to the treeline ecotone for several decades. This period under the chairmanship of Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier has come to an end now when he retired in 2004. He initiated numerous studies in high mountains and in the North. Many of his students, who became infected by the ‘mountain virus’, will continue these investigations on ecological processes in the altitudinal and northern treeline ecotones. With this compilation of studies in mountain ecosystems we want to thank Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier for his excellent guidance in these cold and fascinating environments.

Mountain ecology. --- Timberline. --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Forest ecology --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Alpine ecology --- Alpine region ecology --- Alpine regions --- Mountains --- Upland ecology --- Ecology --- Geology. --- Ecology. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Geography. --- Biogeosciences. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Ecosystems. --- Geography, general. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Nature conservation --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Geobiology. --- Ecology . --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Biosphere

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Timberline --- Trees --- Forest ecology --- Mountain plants --- Ecophysiology --- Physiology --- Timberline. --- Forest ecology. --- 581.524.444 --- 630*18 --- Alpine flora --- Alpine plants --- Alpine region plants --- Alpine vegetation --- Alpines (Plants) --- High altitude plants --- High altitude vegetation --- Montane plants --- Mountain flora --- Mountain vegetation --- Mountain wildlife --- Sub-alpine plants --- Sub-alpine vegetation --- Subalpine plants --- Subalpine vegetation --- Plants --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Arboriculture --- Timber --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Ecophysiology. --- Physiology. --- Alpine regions --- Plant ecology --- 581.524.444 Alpine regions --- 630*18 Plant ecology --- Forest ecosystems --- Trees - Ecophysiology --- Mountain plants - Ecophysiology --- Timberline - Alps --- Trees - Alps - Physiology --- Forest ecology - Alps --- Mountain plants - Alps

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Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Cedrela odorata --- seeds --- germination --- cardinal temperatures --- thermal time --- climate change --- dendrochronology --- ecology --- moving window analysis --- Pinaceae --- Pinus arizonica Engelm. --- Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) --- Ponderosae --- response function --- tree rings --- global climate change --- forest ecology --- trees adaptation --- phenotypic plasticity --- Phoebe bournei --- nitrogen --- carbon dioxide --- photosynthesis --- leaf anatomy --- National Park --- tree line shift --- acclimation --- adaptation --- common garden --- drought --- ecodistance --- mortality --- stomatal frequency --- stomatal size --- sap flux --- radial profile --- sapwood depth --- Aleppo pine --- diurnal variation --- seasonal variation --- climate --- basal area increment --- forest dieback --- Mediterranean forest --- stem growth --- water availability --- Quercus --- morphology evaluation --- survival rate --- extreme frost --- heat and drought --- open-top chamber --- RNA sequencing --- gene expression analysis --- Populus --- n/a

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Alpine treelines mark the low-temperature limit of tree growth and occur in mountains world-wide. Presenting a companion to his book Alpine Plant Life, Christian Körner provides a global synthesis of the treeline phenomenon from sub-arctic to equatorial latitudes and a functional explanation based on the biology of trees. The comprehensive text approaches the subject in a multi-disciplinary way by exploring forest patterns at the edge of tree life, tree morphology, anatomy, climatology and, based on this, modelling treeline position, describing reproduction and population processes, development, phenology, evolutionary aspects, as well as summarizing evidence on the physiology of carbon, water and nutrient relations, and stress physiology. It closes with an account on treelines in the past (palaeo-ecology) and a section on global change effects on treelines, now and in the future. With more than 100 illustrations, many of them in colour, the book shows alpine treelines from around the globe and offers a wealth of scientific information in the form of diagrams and tables.  From the reviews of the companion book Alpine Plant Life by Christian Körner (2nd ed. 2003) ‘... well written with plenty of good quality photographs, graphs and diagrams. It hits a happy compromise in being accessible to novices in upland areas and/or plants but with sufficient depth to leave the reader feeling that they have got to grips with the topic. ... A superb textbook that should be read and used by all ecology students.’ Bulletin of the British Ecological Society, Vol. 35(1), 2004.

Forest ecology. --- Mountain ecology. --- Timberline. --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Ecology --- Alpine ecology --- Alpine region ecology --- Alpine regions --- Mountains --- Forests and forestry --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Ecology --- Life sciences. --- Physical geography. --- Plant ecology. --- Forestry. --- Trees. --- Plant physiology. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Tree Biology. --- Earth System Sciences. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Upland ecology --- Forest ecology --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Forests and forestry. --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Plants --- Physiology --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Geography --- Floristic ecology