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"The worldwide success of VISA International, Dee Hock asserts, is due to its chaordic structure: it is owned by 22,000 member banks, which both compete with each other for 750 million customers and must cooperate by honoring one another's $1.25 trillion in transactions annually across borders and currencies. Birth of the Chaordic Age is the story of how that structure came into being."--Jacket.

Businessmen --- Bank credit cards --- Charge account bank plans --- Credit cards --- History --- Hock, Dee, --- VISA International --- History. --- E-books --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Banking --- Business men --- Businesspeople

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Although those born after the 1990s might never have known a time without them, payment cards and the electronic and computing networks they activate went through an explicit process of creation and adoption—a process which actively shaped these ubiquitous systems into what they are today. To understand why these systems ended up the way they did, one first needs to understand their origins, and how decisions made in their early years fundamentally shaped the way they evolved. Electronic Value Exchange recaptures the origins of one of these systems in particular: the electronic payment network known as VISA. The book examines in detail the transformation of the VISA system from a collection of non-integrated, localized, paper-based bank credit card programs into the cooperative, global, electronic value exchange network it is today. Following an introductory chapter that sets the context, chapters adhere roughly to chronological order, building the story in a logical fashion. Topics and features: Provides a history of the VISA system from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, charting the design, creation and adoption of the system during its foundation years and most prolific period of innovation Presents a historical narrative based on research gathered from personal documents and interviews with key actors who designed, built, and participated in the VISA payment system Investigates, for the first time, both the technological and social infrastructures necessary for the VISA system to operate Supplies a detailed case study, highlighting the mutual shaping of technology and social relations, and the influence that earlier information processing practices have on the way firms adopt computers and telecommunications Examines how “gateways” in transactional networks can reinforce or undermine established social boundaries, and reviews the establishment of trust in new payment devices This insightful work will be of interest to researchers from a range of disciplines, from historians of technology, business and finance, to economists and sociologists, as well as the general reader. The use of academic jargon is kept to a minimum, and brief explanations are provided of useful concepts from science and technology studies for the benefit of those without a background in this field. Dr. David L. Stearns is an adjunct lecturer in history at Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, USA. Prior to his return to academia, he was a software developer and designer for nearly twenty years.

Electronic funds transfers --- History. --- VISA International. --- EFT (Electronic funds transfers) --- Electronic banking --- Electronic check clearing --- Electronic money systems --- Electronic payments systems --- Electronic transfer of funds --- Funds, Electronic transfers of --- Telebanking --- Transfers of funds, Electronic --- Electronic data interchange --- Electronic benefits transfers --- Home banking services --- Computer science. --- Information systems. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Operating systems (Computers). --- Information Systems. --- History of Computing. --- Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing. --- Performance and Reliability. --- Computers and Society. --- Management of Computing and Information Systems. --- Computer operating systems --- Computers --- Disk operating systems --- Systems software --- Informatics --- Science --- Operating systems --- Computers. --- Application software. --- Computer communication systems. --- Computer software—Reusability. --- Computers and civilization. --- Management information systems. --- Computer-based information systems --- EIS (Information systems) --- Executive information systems --- MIS (Information systems) --- Sociotechnical systems --- Information resources management --- Management --- Civilization and computers --- Civilization --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Electronic data processing --- Network computers --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Communication systems --- Distributed processing