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In recent years, an increasing number of manuscripts have been published addressing the deleterious role of arginase in endothelial dysfunction. ROS have been shown to play a crucial role in arginase activation, which in turn leads to eNOS dysfunction.

Immunologic diseases. --- eNOS --- Reactive Oxygen Species --- L-citrulline --- arginase inhibitors --- vessel wall remodeling --- impaired vasorelaxation --- microvascular permeability

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Herbal and plant extracts show diverse activities and have been used for centuries as natural medicines for many health problems and diseases. Through the isolation and analysis of the compounds in the extracts, it is possible to understand why the extracts exhibit those activities, as well as the chemical metabolism of compounds that occur in plants and herbs. Recently, there have been increasing attempts to develop herbal and plant extracts into functional foods and drugs, but the legal requirements are becoming stricter. We need sophisticatedly defined extracts through the isolation and analysis of compounds comprising them in order to meet the legal requirements and to pursue quality control strategies in the production of functional foods and drugs. This Special Issue Book compiled the 15 recent research and review articles that highlight the isolation, profiling, and analysis of compounds in herbal and plant extracts, as well as quality control and standardized processing strategies for extracts with characteristic compounds.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Polygala tenuifolia --- phenolic glycosides --- saponins --- anti-inflammatory effect --- bioactive compound --- isatidis folium --- HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS --- antiwrinkle activity --- quality control --- response surface methodology --- Boesenbergia rotunda --- Zingiberaceae --- flavonoid --- 4-hydroxypanduratin --- vasorelaxation --- tribe Clauseneae --- DNA barcode --- volatile compounds --- antioxidant activity --- ACE inhibitory activity --- anticancer activity --- α-glucosidase inhibitory activity --- avocado oil --- fatty acids --- hearing loss --- zebrafish --- hair cell --- Schisandra chinensis --- Omija --- dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans --- seed --- flower --- fermented beverage --- dried tepals --- total phenolic content --- total anthocyanin content --- vitamin C --- ultrasound assisted extraction --- biorefining --- fibrosarcoma --- metastasis --- natural products --- plants --- protease inhibitors --- tumor cells --- bombacoideae --- pharmacology --- phytochemical ingredients --- bioactive compounds --- medicine --- Hippophae rhamnoides --- Elaeagnaceae --- citrate derivatives --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- electronic circular dichroism (ECD) --- Dendrobium --- Orchidaceae --- D. nobile --- D. candidum --- D. nobile × candidum --- gamma-irradiated mutant --- metabolomics --- cytotoxicity --- Morus sp. pl. --- cultivar --- mulberry --- 1-DNJ --- HPLC-ESI-MS --- HILIC --- Inonotus obliquus --- inotodiol --- noncompartment analysis --- pharmacokinetic study --- Coreopsis rosea --- Coreopsis verticillata --- mutant cultivar --- dipeptidyl peptidase-IV --- analytical tools --- data analysis --- genetically modified crops --- mass spectrometry --- metabolomics databases --- metabolomics software tools --- omics --- plant biology --- Polygala tenuifolia --- phenolic glycosides --- saponins --- anti-inflammatory effect --- bioactive compound --- isatidis folium --- HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS --- antiwrinkle activity --- quality control --- response surface methodology --- Boesenbergia rotunda --- Zingiberaceae --- flavonoid --- 4-hydroxypanduratin --- vasorelaxation --- tribe Clauseneae --- DNA barcode --- volatile compounds --- antioxidant activity --- ACE inhibitory activity --- anticancer activity --- α-glucosidase inhibitory activity --- avocado oil --- fatty acids --- hearing loss --- zebrafish --- hair cell --- Schisandra chinensis --- Omija --- dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans --- seed --- flower --- fermented beverage --- dried tepals --- total phenolic content --- total anthocyanin content --- vitamin C --- ultrasound assisted extraction --- biorefining --- fibrosarcoma --- metastasis --- natural products --- plants --- protease inhibitors --- tumor cells --- bombacoideae --- pharmacology --- phytochemical ingredients --- bioactive compounds --- medicine --- Hippophae rhamnoides --- Elaeagnaceae --- citrate derivatives --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- electronic circular dichroism (ECD) --- Dendrobium --- Orchidaceae --- D. nobile --- D. candidum --- D. nobile × candidum --- gamma-irradiated mutant --- metabolomics --- cytotoxicity --- Morus sp. pl. --- cultivar --- mulberry --- 1-DNJ --- HPLC-ESI-MS --- HILIC --- Inonotus obliquus --- inotodiol --- noncompartment analysis --- pharmacokinetic study --- Coreopsis rosea --- Coreopsis verticillata --- mutant cultivar --- dipeptidyl peptidase-IV --- analytical tools --- data analysis --- genetically modified crops --- mass spectrometry --- metabolomics databases --- metabolomics software tools --- omics --- plant biology

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Flavonoids are ubiquitously present in plant-based foods and natural health products. The molecule of flavonoids is characterized by a 15-carbon skeleton of C6–C3–C6, with the different structural configuration of subclasses. The major subclasses of flavonoids with health-promotional properties are the flavanols or catechins (e.g., epigallocatechin 3-gallate from green tea), the flavones (e.g., apigenin from celery), the flavonols (e.g., quercetin glycosides from apples, berries, and onion), the flavanones (e.g., naringenin from citrus), the anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from berries), and the isoflavones (e.g., genistein from soya beans). Scientific evidence has strongly shown that regular intake of dietary flavonoids in efficacious amounts reduces the risk of oxidative stress- and chronic inflammation-mediated pathogenesis of human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and neurological disorders. The physiological benefits of dietary flavonoids have been demonstrated to be due to multiple mechanisms of action, including regulating redox homeostasis, epigenetic regulations, activation of survival genes and signaling pathways, regulation of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics, and modulation of inflammation response. The role of flavonoids on gut microbiota and the impact of microbial metabolites of flavonoids on optimal health has begun to unravel. The complex physiological modulations of flavonoid molecules are due to their structural diversity. However, some flavonoids are not absorbed well, and their bioavailability could be enhanced through structural modifications and applications of nanotechnology, such as encapsulation. This Special Issue consists of four review articles on flavonoids and 15 original research articles, which cover the latest findings on the role of dietary flavonoids and their derivatives in disease prevention and treatment.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- luteolin --- apigenin --- bacoside A --- bacopaside I --- vasorelaxation --- isorhamnetin --- flavonoid --- bacterial sepsis --- toll-like receptor 4 --- inflammation --- citrus flavonoids --- neohesperidin --- anti-aging activity --- chronological lifespan --- synergistic effect --- clinical trials --- natural products --- hyperalgesia --- allodynia --- analgesia --- hypersensitivity --- cytokines --- NF-kB --- defatted pitaya seed --- extraction --- phenolic content --- flavonoid content --- antioxidant activity --- response surface methodology --- flavonoids --- aglycons --- glycosides --- IL-1β --- TNF-α --- IL-6 --- IL-8 --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- Acer okamotoanum --- afzelin --- isoquercitrin --- obesity --- quercitrin --- aspirin --- cancer prevention --- hydroxybenzoic acids --- cell cycle --- CDKs --- colorectal cancer --- infectious diseases --- amoebiasis --- Mexican oregano --- bioguided isolation --- antiprotozoal agents --- flavones --- cancer --- microbiome --- molecular mechanisms --- gene and protein regulatory networks --- macrophages --- NF-κB --- IKKβ, inflammatory cytokines --- apoptosis --- foods for health --- tangeretin --- cancer stem cells --- Stat3 --- citrus --- CD44+/CD24− --- phytochemicals --- flavonoids and their derivatives --- phytomedicine --- COVID-19 --- SARS-COV-2 --- smart nanoparticles --- non-flavonoids --- membrane PUFAs profile --- cell morphology --- human colon cancer cells --- cranberry --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- uropathogenic Escherichia coli --- UPEC --- flavan-3-ols --- A-type proanthocyanidins --- phenolic metabolites --- antiadhesive activity --- probiotics --- anthocyanin --- tobacco-specific nitrosamine --- carcinogenesis --- cell proliferation --- cancer chemoprevention --- lung cancer --- chalcones --- DNA damage --- anticancer activity --- canine cancer cell lines --- angiogenesis --- in-vivo angiogenesis --- CAM assay --- SAR --- n/a --- cognition --- passive avoidance test --- memory extinction --- mice --- microglia --- neuroprotection --- black rice cyanidin-3-O-glucoside --- wood sterols --- dyslipidemia --- CVD

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Herbal and plant extracts show diverse activities and have been used for centuries as natural medicines for many health problems and diseases. Through the isolation and analysis of the compounds in the extracts, it is possible to understand why the extracts exhibit those activities, as well as the chemical metabolism of compounds that occur in plants and herbs. Recently, there have been increasing attempts to develop herbal and plant extracts into functional foods and drugs, but the legal requirements are becoming stricter. We need sophisticatedly defined extracts through the isolation and analysis of compounds comprising them in order to meet the legal requirements and to pursue quality control strategies in the production of functional foods and drugs. This Special Issue Book compiled the 15 recent research and review articles that highlight the isolation, profiling, and analysis of compounds in herbal and plant extracts, as well as quality control and standardized processing strategies for extracts with characteristic compounds.

Polygala tenuifolia --- phenolic glycosides --- saponins --- anti-inflammatory effect --- bioactive compound --- isatidis folium --- HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS --- antiwrinkle activity --- quality control --- response surface methodology --- Boesenbergia rotunda --- Zingiberaceae --- flavonoid --- 4-hydroxypanduratin --- vasorelaxation --- tribe Clauseneae --- DNA barcode --- volatile compounds --- antioxidant activity --- ACE inhibitory activity --- anticancer activity --- α-glucosidase inhibitory activity --- avocado oil --- fatty acids --- hearing loss --- zebrafish --- hair cell --- Schisandra chinensis --- Omija --- dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans --- seed --- flower --- fermented beverage --- dried tepals --- total phenolic content --- total anthocyanin content --- vitamin C --- ultrasound assisted extraction --- biorefining --- fibrosarcoma --- metastasis --- natural products --- plants --- protease inhibitors --- tumor cells --- bombacoideae --- pharmacology --- phytochemical ingredients --- bioactive compounds --- medicine --- Hippophae rhamnoides --- Elaeagnaceae --- citrate derivatives --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- electronic circular dichroism (ECD) --- Dendrobium --- Orchidaceae --- D. nobile --- D. candidum --- D. nobile × candidum --- gamma-irradiated mutant --- metabolomics --- cytotoxicity --- Morus sp. pl. --- cultivar --- mulberry --- 1-DNJ --- HPLC-ESI-MS --- HILIC --- Inonotus obliquus --- inotodiol --- noncompartment analysis --- pharmacokinetic study --- Coreopsis rosea --- Coreopsis verticillata --- mutant cultivar --- dipeptidyl peptidase-IV --- analytical tools --- data analysis --- genetically modified crops --- mass spectrometry --- metabolomics databases --- metabolomics software tools --- omics --- plant biology --- n/a