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Many people live in rural areas in tropical regions. Rural development is not merely a contribution to the growth of individual countries. It can be a way to reduce poverty and to increase access to water, health care, and education. Sustainable rural development can also help stop deforestation and reduce livestock, which generate most of the greenhouse gas emissions. However, efforts to achieve a sustainable rural development are often thwarted by floods, drought, heat waves, and hurricanes, which local communities are not very prepared to tackle. Agricultural practices and local planning are still not very risk-informed. These deficiencies are particularly acute in tropical regions, where many Least Developed Countries are located and where there is, however, great potential for rural development. This Special Issue contains 22 studies on best practices for risk awareness; on local risk reduction; on several cases of soil depletion, water pollution, and sustainable access to safe water; and on agronomy, earth sciences, ecology, economy, environmental engineering, geomatics, materials science, and spatial and regional planning in 12 tropical countries.

Research & information: general --- climate change --- contingency plan --- flood risk --- local development plan --- risk management --- sustainable rural development --- agricultural drought --- heavy rains --- hydrological drought --- meteorological drought --- risk assessment --- Sahel --- early warning --- hydrology --- local communities --- Niger river basin --- rural development --- disaster risk reduction --- official development assistance --- public participation --- risk tracking --- Sendai framework --- sustainable development --- dataset validation --- precipitation --- Kenya --- local climate --- ASALs --- Quantile Mapping --- climate services --- local drought risk reduction --- smallholder farmers --- agrometeorological forecast --- Niger --- natural resources --- Mauritania --- resource management --- regional planning --- participatory approach --- EO data --- water resources --- sustainable management --- local development --- water for food security --- building consolidation --- extreme precipitations --- flood exposure --- satellite remote sensing --- settlement dynamics --- vulnerability --- agriculture --- Nitrate runoff --- real-time monitoring --- water quality --- rural area --- scant data --- nitrate contamination --- water --- flood --- Sinai Peninsula --- flash flood --- CORDEX --- water harvesting --- indigenous farmers --- multinational corporations --- systems thinking --- Nigeria --- sub-Saharan Africa --- drought --- rainfall regime --- soil biogeochemistry --- natural disasters --- flooding --- flood vulnerability --- inequality --- risk premium --- expected annual damages --- certainty equivalent annual damages --- equity weight expected annual damages --- equity weight certainty equivalent annual damage --- soil erosion --- Great Rift Valley Lakes --- ASAL --- desertification --- groundwater resources --- fluoride --- main Ethiopian Rift Valley --- developing countries --- welfare --- panel probit model --- adoption --- propensity score matching --- water crisis in Africa --- water collection and retention systems --- sand dam --- migration --- risk communication --- volcanic hazards --- social risk perception --- resilience --- demonstrator --- scenario --- multi-risk analysis --- climate-smart agriculture --- socio-ecological systems --- extension --- Belize --- milpa --- food security --- sustainability --- photovoltaic energy --- desalination system --- SIDS --- CO2 emissions --- LCOW --- LEOW --- n/a

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Earthquake and Volcano Deformation is the first textbook to present the mechanical models of earthquake and volcanic processes, emphasizing earth-surface deformations that can be compared with observations from Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, Interferometric Radar (InSAR), and borehole strain- and tiltmeters. Paul Segall provides the physical and mathematical fundamentals for the models used to interpret deformation measurements near active faults and volcanic centers.Segall highlights analytical methods of continuum mechanics applied to problems of active crustal deformation. Topics include elastic dislocation theory in homogeneous and layered half-spaces, crack models of faults and planar intrusions, elastic fields due to pressurized spherical and ellipsoidal magma chambers, time-dependent deformation resulting from faulting in an elastic layer overlying a viscoelastic half-space and related earthquake cycle models, poroelastic effects due to faulting and magma chamber inflation in a fluid-saturated crust, and the effects of gravity on deformation. He also explains changes in the gravitational field due to faulting and magmatic intrusion, effects of irregular surface topography and earth curvature, and modern concepts in rate- and state-dependent fault friction. This textbook presents sample calculations and compares model predictions against field data from seismic and volcanic settings from around the world.Earthquake and Volcano Deformation requires working knowledge of stress and strain, and advanced calculus. It is appropriate for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in geophysics, geology, and engineering. Professors: A supplementary Instructor's Manual is available for this book. It is restricted to teachers using the text in courses. For information on how to obtain a copy, refer to: http://press.princeton.edu/class_use/solutions.html

Rock deformation --- Strains and stresses --- Volcanism. --- Earthquakes. --- Deformations (Mechanics) --- Mathematical models. --- Volcanism --- Earthquakes --- Volcanisme --- Tremblements de terre --- Déformations (Mécanique) --- Mathematical models --- Deformations (Mechanics). --- Rock deformation - Mathematical models. --- Rock deformation -- Mathematical models. --- Strains and stresses - Mathematical models. --- Strains and stresses -- Mathematical models. --- Volcanicity --- Vulcanism --- Stresses and strains --- Elastic solids --- Mechanics --- Rheology --- Structural failures --- Quakes (Earthquakes) --- Earth movements --- Natural disasters --- Seismology --- Geodynamics --- Volcanology --- Architectural engineering --- Engineering, Architectural --- Architecture --- Flexure --- Statics --- Structural analysis (Engineering) --- Elasticity --- Engineering design --- Graphic statics --- Strength of materials --- Stress waves --- Structural design --- Deformation, Rock --- Geology, Structural --- Rock deformation - Mathematical models --- Strains and stresses - Mathematical models --- 1906 San Francisco earthquake. --- 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. --- 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. --- 1992 Landers earthquake. --- 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. --- Active fault. --- Atmospheric refraction. --- Cauchy stress tensor. --- Compressive stress. --- Continental collision. --- Continuum mechanics. --- Crust (geology). --- Deformation (engineering). --- Deformation (mechanics). --- Deformation monitoring. --- Dike (geology). --- Dislocation. --- Displacement field (mechanics). --- Earthquake prediction. --- Earthquake rupture. --- Earthquake swarm. --- Elasticity (physics). --- Explosive eruption. --- Fault (geology). --- Fault friction. --- Figure of the Earth. --- Fracture mechanics. --- Fracture toughness. --- Fracture zone. --- Fracture. --- Friction. --- Geodetic datum. --- Geologic time scale. --- Geothermal gradient. --- Gravitational acceleration. --- Gravitational potential. --- Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment. --- Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. --- Infinitesimal strain theory. --- Intraplate earthquake. --- Lava dome. --- Lava lake. --- Lava. --- Long Valley Caldera. --- Magma chamber. --- Magnetic anomaly. --- Melting point. --- Mount St. Helens. --- Nucleation. --- Orogeny. --- Oscillation. --- Parkfield earthquake. --- Plane stress. --- Plate tectonics. --- Porosity. --- Pressure gradient. --- Radiation stress. --- Resurgent dome. --- Rift zone. --- Rock (geology). --- Rock mechanics. --- San Andreas Fault. --- Seafloor spreading. --- Seismic gap. --- Seismic hazard. --- Seismic moment. --- Seismic risk. --- Seismic tomography. --- Seismic wave. --- Seismology. --- Shear modulus. --- Shear stress. --- Shear zone. --- Shearing (physics). --- Shield volcano. --- Strain energy. --- Strain rate. --- Stratovolcano. --- Stress concentration. --- Stress functions. --- Stress intensity factor. --- Subduction. --- Subsidence. --- Surface energy. --- Surface gravity. --- Surface stress. --- Tectonophysics. --- Tension (physics). --- Thermal expansion. --- Thrust fault. --- Traction (engineering). --- Transform fault. --- Types of volcanic eruptions. --- Vibration. --- Viscoelasticity. --- Volcanic hazards. --- Volcanic pipe. --- Volcano. --- Wavenumber. --- Yield (engineering).