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Die Wechselwirkung zwischen tropischen Wirbelstürmen, die außertropische Umwandlung (ET) durchlaufen, und dem synoptisch-skaligen Strömungsmuster der mittleren Breiten wird anhand numerischer Experimente mit idealisierten Anfangsbedingungen untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf dem Einfluss auf die mittleren Breiten stromabwärts des ET-Systems.

Hurrikan --- potentielle Vorticity --- Zyklogenese --- Wellenanregung

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The impact of extratropical transition on the midlatitude flow is quantified based on potential vorticity inversion. The detailed study of Typhoon Jangmi (2008) reveals the diabatically enhanced net transport of low-PV air to the tropopause as the key physical process determining the direct impact of ET. Relocation experiments and further case studies show the crucial role of the relative position of the TC and the midlatitude flow for the downstream impact of ET and the reduced predictability.

Atmosphärische Dynamik --- mittlere Breiten --- Potentielle Vorticity Inversion --- Tropischer Wirbelsturm --- midlatitudes --- Atmospheric Dynamics --- jet stream --- potential vorticity inversion --- Strahlstrom --- Tropical Cyclone

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Flow distribution. --- Vorticity. --- Turbulent flow. --- Numerical flow visualization. --- Atmospheric turbulence --- Testing.

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The stratospheric ozone is important for the protection of the biosphere from the dangerous ultraviolet radiation of the sun, forms the temperature and dynamical structure of the stratosphere, and, therefore, has a direct influence on the general circulation and the surface climate. The tropospheric ozone can damage the biosphere, impact human health, and plays a role as a powerful greenhouse gas. That is why the understanding of the past and future evolution of the ozone in different atmospheric layers, as well as its influence on surface UV radiation doses, and human health is important. The problems of preventing further destruction of the ozone layer, the restoration of the ozone shield in the future, and air quality remain important for society. The interest in these problems was recently enhanced by the unexpected discovery of a negative ozone trend in the lower stratosphere and the appearance of a large ozone hole over the Arctic in spring 2020. This book includes papers describing several aspects of the ozone layer’s state and evolution based on the recent experimental, statistical, and modeling works. The book will be useful for readers, scientists, and students interested in environmental science.

Research & information: general --- ozone --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- nitrogen dioxide --- respiratory disease --- decision tree model --- merra ozone data --- discontinuities in reanalysis time series --- trend analyses --- total ozone content --- cloudiness --- erythemal radiation --- trend --- chemical–climate model --- ERA-Interim reanalysis --- Northern Eurasia --- UV resources --- stratospheric ozone --- natural and anthropogenic factors --- numerical modeling --- satellite observations --- trend estimations --- tropospheric ozone --- stratospheric intrusion --- horizontal-trough --- ozone layer evolution --- modeling --- climate change --- solar forcing --- ozone precursors --- total column of ozone (TCO) --- trend estimates --- long short-term memory networks (LSTM) --- empirical wavelet transform (EWT) --- forecasting --- Mann-Kendall --- ozone exceedance --- urban site --- rural site --- human health --- ozone enhancement --- Irene --- ozone decline --- potential vorticity --- ozonesondes --- ultraviolet radiation --- forcing

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Oceanic internal waves (IWs) at frequencies from local inertial (e.g., near-inertial internal waves) to buoyancy frequencies (nonlinear internal waves or internal solitary waves), sometimes including diurnal and semidiurnal tidal frequencies, play an important role in redistributing heat, momentum, materials, and energy via turbulent mixing. IWs are found ubiquitously in many seas, including East Asian marginal seas (Indonesian Seas, South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East Sea or Japan Sea), significantly affecting underwater acoustics, coastal and offshore engineering, submarine navigation, biological productivity, and the local and global climate. Despite decades of study on the IWs in some regions, our understanding of the IWs in the East Asian marginal seas is still in a primitive state and the mechanisms underlying every stage (generation, propagation, evolution, and dissipation) of IWs are not always clear. This Special Issue includes papers related to all fields of both low- and high-frequency IW studies in the specified region, including remote sensing, in situ observations, theories, and numerical models.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- near-inertial waves --- typhoon Megi --- South China Sea --- hybrid coordinate ocean model reanalysis results --- Luzon Strait --- baroclinic tides --- stratification variability --- MITgcm --- nonlinear internal wave --- propagating speed --- propagating direction --- underway observation --- moored observation --- East China Sea --- internal solitary wave --- shipboard observation --- extreme current velocity --- wave breaking --- trapped core --- near-inertial internal waves --- nonseasonal variability --- mesoscale flow field --- relative vorticity --- Okubo-Weiss parameter --- subsurface mooring --- southwestern East Sea --- Japan Sea --- internal waves --- Hainan Island --- KRI nanggala-402 submarine wreck --- Lombok Strait --- Bali Sea --- internal solitary waves --- remote sensing images --- underwater noise --- flow noise --- vortex-induced vibration --- the South China Sea --- n/a