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This paper analyzes recent trends in Sweden's labor market regulations in relation to comparator economies and examines the relationship between labor market regulations and outcomes. The paper finds that the Swedish labor market responded more rapidly to the recent global financial crisis than the majority of the European Union economies, which helped Sweden to recover quickly. Sweden's hiring regulations are more flexible than those of many comparator economies, however, fixed-term contracts of short duration might have adverse consequences for the economy. In addition, Sweden's regulations on work during the weekly holidays and mandatory paid annual leave are stricter than those of the majority of comparator economies. Moreover, among the economies of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Sweden has one of the largest differences in employment protection between permanent and temporary employees, which could lead to a segmented labor market, where insiders enjoy high job security and outsiders are largely marginalized. This could be cause for concern, given that Sweden has a higher share of involuntary temporary workers among youth and involuntary part-time workers than both the Nordic and European Union averages. While protecting employees is important, excessive protection, particularly if it differs across different types of employment contracts, has been shown to have adverse effects on welfare and economic performance.

Banks and Banking Reform --- Labor Management & Relations --- Labor Market Regulations and Flexibility --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Markets & Market Access --- Private Sector Development --- Productivity --- Social Protections and Labor --- Temporary Employment --- Unemployment --- Wage Determination

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This paper analyzes the labor markets in the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Ceara, and the Northeast region of Brazil. The findings show a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics on monthly wages across the wage distribution. That is, the magnitude of the affect of a wage determinant is different depending on whether the worker is placed in the lower, median or top of the wage distribution. The findings reveal that education is key. Basic schooling matters for all four geographical areas and across the income distribution. However, poor workers are awarded lower returns than their richer peers and in Bahia and Ceara, the poor do not obtain any returns to basic schooling. Furthermore, the impact of 5-8 or 9-11 years of education is larger than that of 1-4 years of completed education. The returns obtained by a median worker are higher in Ceara and Pernambuco than in Bahia. Finally, completed tertiary education offers thelargest returns of all levels of education; the median worker receives a premium of 105, 249, and 216 percent in Ceara, Pernambuco, and Bahia, respectively. Hence, one direct policy implication is to increase the quality of education, in particular in poorer neighborhoods. Experience impacts positively on wages and it is increasing with age until workers reach 50 years of age. However, returns to experience are falling significantly across the wage distribution. For the poor and younger generations, experience contributes more to wages than education. The occupation of workers is important for wage determination; all workers in the included occupational groups are paid more than workers engaged in agricultural activities. Workers employed as technicians or administrators obtain the highest returns. The white/non-white wage disparity reveals that white workers are paid 17 percent more than their non-white co-workers, taking into account other characteristics. Gender disparities are large in the Northeast and heterogeneous across the wage distribution. The time spent in the current state impacts adversely on wages. That is, those that have stayed earn, on average, less than the newcomers. There are no considerable differences between male and female workers. Union membership has a positive impact on workers' wages.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Education --- Employment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Resources --- Income Distribution --- Informal Sector --- Job --- Jobs --- Labor --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Occupation --- Open Unemployment --- Paid Workers --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Real Wages --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployment --- Union Membership --- Wage Determination --- Wage Distribution --- Worker --- Workers

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This paper analyzes the labor markets in the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Ceara, and the Northeast region of Brazil. The findings show a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics on monthly wages across the wage distribution. That is, the magnitude of the affect of a wage determinant is different depending on whether the worker is placed in the lower, median or top of the wage distribution. The findings reveal that education is key. Basic schooling matters for all four geographical areas and across the income distribution. However, poor workers are awarded lower returns than their richer peers and in Bahia and Ceara, the poor do not obtain any returns to basic schooling. Furthermore, the impact of 5-8 or 9-11 years of education is larger than that of 1-4 years of completed education. The returns obtained by a median worker are higher in Ceara and Pernambuco than in Bahia. Finally, completed tertiary education offers thelargest returns of all levels of education; the median worker receives a premium of 105, 249, and 216 percent in Ceara, Pernambuco, and Bahia, respectively. Hence, one direct policy implication is to increase the quality of education, in particular in poorer neighborhoods. Experience impacts positively on wages and it is increasing with age until workers reach 50 years of age. However, returns to experience are falling significantly across the wage distribution. For the poor and younger generations, experience contributes more to wages than education. The occupation of workers is important for wage determination; all workers in the included occupational groups are paid more than workers engaged in agricultural activities. Workers employed as technicians or administrators obtain the highest returns. The white/non-white wage disparity reveals that white workers are paid 17 percent more than their non-white co-workers, taking into account other characteristics. Gender disparities are large in the Northeast and heterogeneous across the wage distribution. The time spent in the current state impacts adversely on wages. That is, those that have stayed earn, on average, less than the newcomers. There are no considerable differences between male and female workers. Union membership has a positive impact on workers' wages.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Education --- Employment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Resources --- Income Distribution --- Informal Sector --- Job --- Jobs --- Labor --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Occupation --- Open Unemployment --- Paid Workers --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Real Wages --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployment --- Union Membership --- Wage Determination --- Wage Distribution --- Worker --- Workers

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This paper provides a snapshot of Mauritania's labor market using data from the 2004 national household survey. The results show that the labor market is characterized by lower participation rates, lower employment-to-population rates, and relatively higher unemployment rates than in neighboring countries. The non poor fare better in the labor market than the poor. Although the labor force participation of the poor is higher than that of the non poor, the poor display a higher unemployment rate and a lower employment rate than the non poor. The data also suggest a negative correlation between wage employment and poverty. Substantial differences in labor market indicators emerge when disaggregating the analysis by gender and age-group. Female non-participation is extremely high. Women systematically earn less than men independently of their sector and type of employment and controlling for other factors, such as education. Young adults face considerable difficulties in entering the labor market: more than half of the population aged 15-24 is neither studying nor participating in the labor force. As gender disparities remain important for similar levels of education, more work is needed to understand whether cultural factors may prevent women from entering the labor market. Concerning young adults, future poverty reduction strategies need to pay more explicit attention to the promotion of employment through informed labor market policies.

Age group --- Employment --- Household survey --- Informal sector --- Labor --- Labor and Social Protections --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor market --- Labor market indicators --- Labor market outcomes --- Labor market policies --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Population --- Population Policies --- Rural Development --- Rural labor --- Rural labor markets --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Unemployment --- Unemployment rate --- Unemployment rates --- Wage determination --- Wage differentials --- Wage employment

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Once heralded in the 1950's and 1960's as a model welfare state, Sweden is now in transition and in trouble since its economic plunge in the early 1990's. This volume presents ten essays that examine Sweden's economic problems from a U.S. perspective. Exploring such diverse topics as income equalization and efficiency, welfare and tax policy, wage determination and unemployment, and international competitiveness and growth, they consider how Sweden's welfare state succeeded in eliminating poverty and became a role model for other countries. They then reflect on Sweden's past economic problems, such as the increase in government spending and the fall in industrial productivity, warning of problems to come. Finally they review the consequences of the collapse of Sweden's economy in the early 1990's, exploring the implications of its efforts to reform its welfare state and reestablish a healthy economy. This volume will be of interest to policymakers and analysts, social scientists, and economists interested in welfare states.

Economic conditions. Economic development --- Sweden --- 338 --- 330.580 --- 331.100 --- 331.30 --- 331.31 --- NBB congres --- SE / Sweden - Zweden - Suede --- 330.9485 --- 09.11. --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden. --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden. --- Economische toestand. --- Economisch beleid. --- Sociale verzekering ; Meerdere landen --- Economic conditions --- -Congresses. --- 338 Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten --- Sweden -- Economic conditions -- 1945- -- Congresses. --- Sweden -- Economic conditions. --- Economic History --- Business & Economics --- Suède --- Zweden --- Schweden --- Svezia --- Suecia --- Zviedrija --- Shvet︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Szwecja --- Sverige --- Konungariket Sverige --- Kingdom of Sweden --- スウェーデン --- Suwēden --- 09.11 --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden --- Economische toestand --- Economisch beleid --- Congresses. --- E-books --- Business. --- Social sciences. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / General. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Trade --- Economics --- Management --- Commerce --- Industrial management --- welfare state, government, policy, poverty, class, sweden, spending, productivity, industry, growth, international competition, unemployment, wage determination, taxation, efficiency, income equalization, economy, financial crisis, labor market, restructuring, subsidies, regulation, economic performance, employer size, nonfiction, economics, global.