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Along with the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy has revolutionized the prognosis of patients with various cancers. However, with a longer life expectancy, radiation treatment-related comorbidity, like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), becomes an issue for cancer survivors. In addition, exposure to X-rays for medical diagnostics is dramatically increasing at the present times. A pressing question is whether or not exposure to these very low doses can cause health damage. Below 0.5 gray (Gy), an increased risk cannot be evidenced by epidemiology alone, and in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies focused on the elucidation of molecular signaling pathways are needed. Given the critical role of the endothelium in normal vascular functions, a complete understanding of radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction is crucial. In this way, the current radiation protection system could be refined if needed, making it possible to more accurately assess the cardiovascular risk in the low-dose region. Finally, radiation-induced CVD, like CVD in general, is a progressive disorder that may take years to decades to manifest. Therefore, experimental studies are warranted to fulfill the urgent need to identify noninvasive biomarkers for an early detection and potential interventions-together with a healthy lifestyle-that may prevent or mitigate these adverse effects.

X-ray diffraction imaging. --- Ionizing radiation --- Health aspects.

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This timely text covers the theory and practice of surface and nanostructure determination by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD): it is the first book on such quantitative structure analysis in over 30 years. It provides a detailed description of the theory, including cutting-edge developments and tested experimental methods. The focus is on quantitative techniques, while the qualitative interpretation of the LEED pattern without quantitative I(V) analysis is also included. Topics covered include the future study of nanoparticles, quasicrystals, thermal parameters, disorder and modulations of surfaces with LEED, with introductory sections enabling the non-specialist to follow all the concepts and applications discussed. With numerous colour figures throughout, this text is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students and researchers, whether experimentalists or theorists, in the fields of surface science, nanoscience and related technologies. It can serve as a textbook for graduate-level courses of one or two semesters.

Surface chemistry. --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Low energy electron diffraction. --- X-ray diffraction imaging. --- Chemical structure. --- Analysis.

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This book illustrates the exciting possibilities being opened up by X-ray computed tomography (CT) to follow the behavior of materials under conditions as close as possible to those encountered during their manufacture or in operation.The scientific chapters selected for this book describe results obtained using synchrotron or laboratory devices during in situ or ex situ experiments. They characterize microstructures across length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to a few tens of micrometers.In this collection, X-ray CT shines a light on the mechanical properties of engineering materials, such as aluminum or magnesium alloys, stainless steel, aluminum, polymer composites, or ceramic foam. In these experiments, X-ray CT is able to image and quantify the damage occurring during tensile, compression, indentation, or fatigue tests.Of course, X-ray CT can illuminate the structure and behavior of natural materials too. Here it is applied to bone or natural snow to study their mechanical behavior, as well as materials from the agri-food sector. Its versatility is exemplified by analyses of topics as diverse as the removal of olive oil from kitchen sponges by squeezing and rinsing, to the effect of temperature changes on the structure of ice cream.

in-situ X-ray computed tomography --- thermal-mechanical loading --- polymer bonded explosives --- mesoscale characterization --- structure evolution --- particle morphology --- heat treatment --- aluminum cast alloy --- mechanical properties --- Ostwald ripening --- nanotomography --- phase-contrast imaging --- tomographic reconstruction --- dynamic tomography --- motion compensation --- projection-based digital volume correlation --- X-ray μCT --- in-situ experiments --- flow cell --- alkaline manganese batteries --- X-ray tomography --- in operando --- in situ --- zinc powder --- laser powder bed fusion --- additive manufacturing --- in-situ imaging --- Ti6Al4V --- lattice structures --- mechanics --- corrosion --- biomaterial --- battery --- aluminum foams --- intermetallics --- finite element analysis --- damage --- polycrystal plasticity --- X-ray diffraction imaging --- topotomography --- in situ experiment --- finite element simulation --- lattice curvature --- rocking curve --- ice cream --- microstructure --- tomography --- ice crystals --- coarsening --- soft solids --- bone --- X-ray radiation --- tissue damage --- SR-microCT --- digital volume correlation --- temperature control --- electrochemical cell design --- batteries --- helical CT --- contrast agent --- high cycle fatigue (HCF) --- fibre break --- fibre tows --- Freeze Foaming --- in situ computed tomography --- non-destructive testing --- bioceramics --- aging --- crack initiation and propagation --- damage modes --- osteoporosis --- osteogenesis imperfecta --- porosity --- bone matrix quality --- micro-CT --- snow grains --- snow microstructure --- snow properties --- pore morphology --- voids --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- CT scan technology --- DIP software --- X-ray tomography (X-ray CT) --- 3D image analysis --- hydrogen embrittlement --- stainless steel

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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This book illustrates the exciting possibilities being opened up by X-ray computed tomography (CT) to follow the behavior of materials under conditions as close as possible to those encountered during their manufacture or in operation.The scientific chapters selected for this book describe results obtained using synchrotron or laboratory devices during in situ or ex situ experiments. They characterize microstructures across length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to a few tens of micrometers.In this collection, X-ray CT shines a light on the mechanical properties of engineering materials, such as aluminum or magnesium alloys, stainless steel, aluminum, polymer composites, or ceramic foam. In these experiments, X-ray CT is able to image and quantify the damage occurring during tensile, compression, indentation, or fatigue tests.Of course, X-ray CT can illuminate the structure and behavior of natural materials too. Here it is applied to bone or natural snow to study their mechanical behavior, as well as materials from the agri-food sector. Its versatility is exemplified by analyses of topics as diverse as the removal of olive oil from kitchen sponges by squeezing and rinsing, to the effect of temperature changes on the structure of ice cream.

in-situ X-ray computed tomography --- thermal-mechanical loading --- polymer bonded explosives --- mesoscale characterization --- structure evolution --- particle morphology --- heat treatment --- aluminum cast alloy --- mechanical properties --- Ostwald ripening --- nanotomography --- phase-contrast imaging --- tomographic reconstruction --- dynamic tomography --- motion compensation --- projection-based digital volume correlation --- X-ray μCT --- in-situ experiments --- flow cell --- alkaline manganese batteries --- X-ray tomography --- in operando --- in situ --- zinc powder --- laser powder bed fusion --- additive manufacturing --- in-situ imaging --- Ti6Al4V --- lattice structures --- mechanics --- corrosion --- biomaterial --- battery --- aluminum foams --- intermetallics --- finite element analysis --- damage --- polycrystal plasticity --- X-ray diffraction imaging --- topotomography --- in situ experiment --- finite element simulation --- lattice curvature --- rocking curve --- ice cream --- microstructure --- tomography --- ice crystals --- coarsening --- soft solids --- bone --- X-ray radiation --- tissue damage --- SR-microCT --- digital volume correlation --- temperature control --- electrochemical cell design --- batteries --- helical CT --- contrast agent --- high cycle fatigue (HCF) --- fibre break --- fibre tows --- Freeze Foaming --- in situ computed tomography --- non-destructive testing --- bioceramics --- aging --- crack initiation and propagation --- damage modes --- osteoporosis --- osteogenesis imperfecta --- porosity --- bone matrix quality --- micro-CT --- snow grains --- snow microstructure --- snow properties --- pore morphology --- voids --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- CT scan technology --- DIP software --- X-ray tomography (X-ray CT) --- 3D image analysis --- hydrogen embrittlement --- stainless steel