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An integrin, or integrin receptor, is an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane of cells. It plays a role in the attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to other cells, and in signal transduction from the ECM to the cell. There are many types of integrin, and many cells have multiple types on their surface. Integrins are of vital importance to all metazoans, from humans to sponges. This volume in Methods in Enzymology presents methods for studying integrins.

Integrins. --- Integrins --- Membrane Glycoproteins --- Receptors, Immunologic --- Antigens, Surface --- Membrane Proteins --- Antigens --- Glycoproteins --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Biological Factors --- Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Cell Adhesion Molecules --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Enzymology. --- Cell adhesion protein receptors --- Biochemistry --- Enzymes --- Cell adhesion molecules

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The integrin family is composed of 24 members and approximately ten years ago (2003) we published a book devoted to the nine I domain integrin subunits. In this second edition, I am pleased that most of the original authors have been able to contribute to the updated version. I domain containing integrins include collagen receptors and leukocyte receptors. In 2003 the knockout mouse phenotypes for all of the I domain integrins had not yet been published; they are now, and are summarized and discussed in this edition. Interestingly, a recent 10 integrin mutation in dogs has indicated that collagen-binding integrins in the musculoskeletal system might have much more severe phenotypes in larger animals/humans compared to the mild integrin phenotypes observed in collagen-binding integrin deficient mice. This finding is further discussed in the book. In the cancer field, the microenvironment is taking center stage, and here collagen receptors on fibroblasts are predicted to play important roles in paracrine signaling, in regulating tissue stiffness and matrix remodeling. New technologies, new mouse models in combination with analyses of I integrins in larger animals/humans are thus predicted to increase our knowledge about this group of receptors. With this in mind we look forward to another 10 years of research with I domain integrins.

Integrins. --- Cell adhesion protein receptors --- Cell adhesion molecules --- Glycoproteins --- Medicine. --- Life sciences. --- Medical genetics. --- Biochemistry. --- Biomedicine general. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Gene Function. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Human genetics --- Pathology --- Genetic disorders --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Physicians --- Composition --- Genetic aspects --- Medical biochemistry. --- Biomedicine, general. --- Health Workforce --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry

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The application of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses brings new dimensions to our understanding of the biology of phototrophic bacteria. Comparing gene sequences of photosynthetic reaction center proteins and a key enzyme of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis from more than 150 genomes demonstrates the ancient roots of phototrophic bacteria. The presence and phylogeny of biosynthetic pathways of the compatible solutes ectoine and glycine betaine define groups of marine and halophilic phototrophic bacteria. The wide range of ecological niches conquered during evolution is demonstrated by the adaptation of cyanobacterial genera Scytonema, Tolypothrix, and Nostoc to different temperature ranges and the adaptation of Heliorestis species to alkaline habitats. Differences between phototrophic purple bacteria from marine and freshwater habitats are reflected in the preference for sulfidic and non-sulfidic niches. Also, a high proportion of siderophore producers was found among isolates from freshwater sources opposed to those from salty habitats . The primary colonization of carbonate rocks by a group of novel endolithic cyanobacteria and the following successions were studied over 9 months. The genomic characterization of the aerobic Dinoroseobacter strain AAP5, the strictly anaerobic and syntrophic Prosthecochloris ethylica, and the strictly anaerobic Heliorestis convoluta is reported. Significant differences in relation to oxygen are reflected in oxygen production by some species, oxygen tolerance over a wide range of concentrations, and the use of oxygen for energy generation or a strictly anaerobic lifestyle. Relations to oxygen are highlighted in papers on photooxidative stress, regulation of iron–sulfur cluster formation, and interactions of redox regulators. In situ metatranscriptomic and proteomic studies demonstrate the high metabolic flexibility of Chloroflexus aggregans in a hot spring microbial mat and show its adaptation to the changing conditions over day and night periods by a well-coordinated regulation of key metabolic processes for both phototrophic and chemotrophic growth.

Research & information: general --- phylogeny --- photosynthetic reaction center proteins --- bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis --- phototrophic purple bacteria --- evolution of anoxygenic photosynthesis --- iron-sulfur cluster --- isc genes --- suf genes --- antisense promoters --- OxyR --- IscR --- Irr --- anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria --- purple nonsulfur bacteria --- massive blooms --- pufM gene --- Rhodovulum --- phylogenomics --- bioerosion --- anoxygenic phototroph --- microbiome --- euendolith --- Rhodobacter capsulatus --- Rhodobacter sphaeroides --- photooxidative stress --- transcriptomics --- proteomics --- stress defense --- heliobacteria --- Heliorestis convoluta --- alkaliphilic bacteria --- soda lake --- bacteriochlorophyll g --- biological soil crust --- drylands --- niche partitioning --- nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria --- Alphaproteobacteria --- Rhodobacteraceae --- nitric oxide --- quorum sensing --- gene transfer agent --- motility --- Crp/Fnr --- Dnr --- RegA --- ChpT --- green sulfur bacteria --- syntrophy --- e-pili --- adhesion protein --- photosynthetic symbionts --- large multiheme cytochrome --- metagenomic binning --- genomes of photosynthetic bacteria --- glycine betaine biosynthesis --- ectoine biosynthesis --- osmotic adaptation --- phylogeny of osmolyte biosynthesis --- filamentous anoxygenic phototroph --- microbial mats --- hot springs --- metatranscriptomics --- energy metabolism --- carbon fixation --- aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria --- bacteriochlorophyll a --- photosynthesis genes --- rhodopsin --- Sphingomonadaceae --- aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs --- siderophore --- metallophore --- CAS assay --- Chromocurvus halotolerans strain EG19 --- n/a

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The application of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses brings new dimensions to our understanding of the biology of phototrophic bacteria. Comparing gene sequences of photosynthetic reaction center proteins and a key enzyme of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis from more than 150 genomes demonstrates the ancient roots of phototrophic bacteria. The presence and phylogeny of biosynthetic pathways of the compatible solutes ectoine and glycine betaine define groups of marine and halophilic phototrophic bacteria. The wide range of ecological niches conquered during evolution is demonstrated by the adaptation of cyanobacterial genera Scytonema, Tolypothrix, and Nostoc to different temperature ranges and the adaptation of Heliorestis species to alkaline habitats. Differences between phototrophic purple bacteria from marine and freshwater habitats are reflected in the preference for sulfidic and non-sulfidic niches. Also, a high proportion of siderophore producers was found among isolates from freshwater sources opposed to those from salty habitats . The primary colonization of carbonate rocks by a group of novel endolithic cyanobacteria and the following successions were studied over 9 months. The genomic characterization of the aerobic Dinoroseobacter strain AAP5, the strictly anaerobic and syntrophic Prosthecochloris ethylica, and the strictly anaerobic Heliorestis convoluta is reported. Significant differences in relation to oxygen are reflected in oxygen production by some species, oxygen tolerance over a wide range of concentrations, and the use of oxygen for energy generation or a strictly anaerobic lifestyle. Relations to oxygen are highlighted in papers on photooxidative stress, regulation of iron–sulfur cluster formation, and interactions of redox regulators. In situ metatranscriptomic and proteomic studies demonstrate the high metabolic flexibility of Chloroflexus aggregans in a hot spring microbial mat and show its adaptation to the changing conditions over day and night periods by a well-coordinated regulation of key metabolic processes for both phototrophic and chemotrophic growth.

Research & information: general --- phylogeny --- photosynthetic reaction center proteins --- bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis --- phototrophic purple bacteria --- evolution of anoxygenic photosynthesis --- iron-sulfur cluster --- isc genes --- suf genes --- antisense promoters --- OxyR --- IscR --- Irr --- anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria --- purple nonsulfur bacteria --- massive blooms --- pufM gene --- Rhodovulum --- phylogenomics --- bioerosion --- anoxygenic phototroph --- microbiome --- euendolith --- Rhodobacter capsulatus --- Rhodobacter sphaeroides --- photooxidative stress --- transcriptomics --- proteomics --- stress defense --- heliobacteria --- Heliorestis convoluta --- alkaliphilic bacteria --- soda lake --- bacteriochlorophyll g --- biological soil crust --- drylands --- niche partitioning --- nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria --- Alphaproteobacteria --- Rhodobacteraceae --- nitric oxide --- quorum sensing --- gene transfer agent --- motility --- Crp/Fnr --- Dnr --- RegA --- ChpT --- green sulfur bacteria --- syntrophy --- e-pili --- adhesion protein --- photosynthetic symbionts --- large multiheme cytochrome --- metagenomic binning --- genomes of photosynthetic bacteria --- glycine betaine biosynthesis --- ectoine biosynthesis --- osmotic adaptation --- phylogeny of osmolyte biosynthesis --- filamentous anoxygenic phototroph --- microbial mats --- hot springs --- metatranscriptomics --- energy metabolism --- carbon fixation --- aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria --- bacteriochlorophyll a --- photosynthesis genes --- rhodopsin --- Sphingomonadaceae --- aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs --- siderophore --- metallophore --- CAS assay --- Chromocurvus halotolerans strain EG19 --- phylogeny --- photosynthetic reaction center proteins --- bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis --- phototrophic purple bacteria --- evolution of anoxygenic photosynthesis --- iron-sulfur cluster --- isc genes --- suf genes --- antisense promoters --- OxyR --- IscR --- Irr --- anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria --- purple nonsulfur bacteria --- massive blooms --- pufM gene --- Rhodovulum --- phylogenomics --- bioerosion --- anoxygenic phototroph --- microbiome --- euendolith --- Rhodobacter capsulatus --- Rhodobacter sphaeroides --- photooxidative stress --- transcriptomics --- proteomics --- stress defense --- heliobacteria --- Heliorestis convoluta --- alkaliphilic bacteria --- soda lake --- bacteriochlorophyll g --- biological soil crust --- drylands --- niche partitioning --- nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria --- Alphaproteobacteria --- Rhodobacteraceae --- nitric oxide --- quorum sensing --- gene transfer agent --- motility --- Crp/Fnr --- Dnr --- RegA --- ChpT --- green sulfur bacteria --- syntrophy --- e-pili --- adhesion protein --- photosynthetic symbionts --- large multiheme cytochrome --- metagenomic binning --- genomes of photosynthetic bacteria --- glycine betaine biosynthesis --- ectoine biosynthesis --- osmotic adaptation --- phylogeny of osmolyte biosynthesis --- filamentous anoxygenic phototroph --- microbial mats --- hot springs --- metatranscriptomics --- energy metabolism --- carbon fixation --- aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria --- bacteriochlorophyll a --- photosynthesis genes --- rhodopsin --- Sphingomonadaceae --- aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs --- siderophore --- metallophore --- CAS assay --- Chromocurvus halotolerans strain EG19

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a very useful technique for medical diagnosis and drug development. Radiopharmaceuticals are a key element in PET techniques and one of the pivotal factors influencing the applications of PET. The aim of this Special Issue of Molecules is to report on the recent research work on a number of aspects of PET radiopharmaceuticals and their preclinical and clinical use. More specifically, the content of this Special Issue includes but is not limited to radiolabeling design, radiosynthesis, synthesis techniques, quality control methodologies, GMP production methods, product formulation, in vitro and in vivo preclinical PET evaluations, clinical evaluations, dosimetry, stability study and metabolite analysis, and modeling.

kinetic analysis --- Siglec-9 --- gallium-68 --- vascular adhesion protein --- VAP-1 --- infection --- inflammation --- osteomyelitis --- animal model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- multiple myeloma --- positron emission tomography/computed tomography --- radiopharmaceuticals --- 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose --- tetrazine ligation --- PET --- SPECT --- indium-11 --- fluorine-18 --- positron emission tomography (PET), defluorination --- isotopic exchange --- silicon-based fluoride acceptor --- bioorthogonal chemistry --- tetrazine --- inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder ligation --- opioid --- naloxone --- overdose --- fentanyl --- carfentanil --- [11C]carfentanil --- positron emission tomography --- receptor occupancy --- pharmacokinetics --- [18F]AlF --- NOTA --- NODAGA --- PODS --- thiol-reactive --- linker --- affibody molecule --- bioconjugation --- EGFR --- tumor imaging --- vulnerable plaque --- molecular imaging --- PET imaging --- nanobody --- single-domain antibody --- sub-millimetre resolution --- AlF-radiolabelling --- preclinical radiopharmaceutical dosimetry --- image-based internal dosimetry --- OLINDA --- MCT1/MCT4 lactate transporter inhibitor --- [18F]FACH --- radiation safety --- sigma-1 receptor availability --- orthotopic xenograft of glioblastoma in mouse --- small animal Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) --- (S)-(−)-[18F]fluspidine --- imaging-based biomarker --- SV2A protein --- PET radiotracers --- synaptic loss --- radiochemistry --- preclinical development --- clinical outcomes --- monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) --- FACH --- 18F-labeled analog of FACH --- α-CCA --- blood-brain barrier (BBB) --- positron emission tomography (PET) imaging --- peptides --- proteolysis --- metabolic stability