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Charles Darwin's experiences in the Galápagos Islands in 1835 helped to guide his thoughts toward a revolutionary theory: that species were not fixed but diversified from their ancestors over many generations, and that the driving mechanism of evolutionary change was natural selection. In this concise, accessible book, Peter and Rosemary Grant explain what we have learned about the origin and evolution of new species through the study of the finches made famous by that great scientist: Darwin's finches. Drawing upon their unique observations of finch evolution over a thirty-four-year period, the Grants trace the evolutionary history of fourteen different species from a shared ancestor three million years ago. They show how repeated cycles of speciation involved adaptive change through natural selection on beak size and shape, and divergence in songs. They explain other factors that drive finch evolution, including geographical isolation, which has kept the Galápagos relatively free of competitors and predators; climate change and an increase in the number of islands over the last three million years, which enhanced opportunities for speciation; and flexibility in the early learning of feeding skills, which helped species to exploit new food resources. Throughout, the Grants show how the laboratory tools of developmental biology and molecular genetics can be combined with observations and experiments on birds in the field to gain deeper insights into why the world is so biologically rich and diverse. Written by two preeminent evolutionary biologists, How and Why Species Multiply helps to answer fundamental questions about evolution--in the Galápagos and throughout the world.

Finches --- Evolution --- Adaptation --- Adaptation, adaptive. --- Alleles. --- Allopatry (geographical isolation). --- Arthropods. --- Camarhynchus, tree finches. --- Certhidea olivacea, warbler finch. --- Class, taxonomic. --- Coexistence. --- Diet of finches: arthropods. --- Diversity. --- Environmental conditions, opportunities. --- Extinction. --- Feeding behavior. --- Fitness: of hybrids. --- Geospiza fortis, medium ground finch. --- Human activities. --- Hybridization. --- Immigration. --- Key traits. --- Lack, David. --- Molecular genetics. --- Natural selection. --- Platyspiza crassirostris, vegetarian finch. --- Reinforcement. --- Variation: genetic. --- selection on.

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Phylogenies in Ecology is the first book to critically review the application of phylogenetic methods in ecology, and it serves as a primer to working ecologists and students of ecology wishing to understand these methods. This book demonstrates how phylogenetic information is transforming ecology by offering fresh ways to estimate the similarities and differences among species, and by providing deeper, evolutionary-based insights on species distributions, coexistence, and niche partitioning. Marc Cadotte and Jonathan Davies examine this emerging area's explosive growth, allowing for this new body of hypotheses testing.Cadotte and Davies systematically look at all the main areas of current ecophylogenetic methodology, testing, and inference. Each chapter of their book covers a unique topic, emphasizes key assumptions, and introduces the appropriate statistical methods and null models required for testing phylogenetically informed hypotheses. The applications presented throughout are supported and connected by examples relying on real-world data that have been analyzed using the open-source programming language, R.Showing how phylogenetic methods are shedding light on fundamental ecological questions related to species coexistence, conservation, and global change, Phylogenies in Ecology will interest anyone who thinks that evolution might be important in their data.

Phylogeny. --- Ecology. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Brownian motion. --- R package. --- R phylogenetic object. --- allopatry. --- ancestral states. --- biodiversity hotspots. --- biodiversity. --- climate change. --- co-occurring species. --- community assembly. --- competition. --- conservation biology. --- conservation. --- continuous data. --- discrete data. --- dispersal. --- distance-based methods. --- diversification. --- diversity partitioning. --- ecological analysis. --- ecological assembly. --- ecological character displacement. --- ecological divergence. --- ecological phylogenetics. --- ecology. --- ecophylogenetic methodology. --- ecophylogenetics. --- edge length. --- evolution. --- evolutionary distinctiveness. --- evolutionary history. --- evolutionary models. --- evolutionary patterns. --- evolutionary theory. --- extinction. --- geography. --- global change. --- macroevolution. --- maximum likelihood. --- neutral theory. --- niche partitioning. --- null model. --- pairwise distances. --- phylobetadiversity. --- phylodiversity. --- phylogenetic correction. --- phylogenetic data. --- phylogenetic distance. --- phylogenetic diversity. --- phylogenetic diversityСrea relationships. --- phylogenetic information. --- phylogenetic methods. --- phylogenetic patterns. --- phylogenetic relationships. --- phylogenetic signal. --- phylogenetic tests. --- phylogenetic tree. --- phylogenetic turnover. --- phylogenetics. --- phylogeny. --- randomization. --- rate smoothing. --- relatedness. --- scale dependency. --- selection. --- spatial scale. --- speciation. --- species coexistence. --- species conservation. --- species distribution. --- species distributions. --- species interrelatedness. --- species invasion. --- species pool. --- species richness. --- speciesЧenus ratios. --- traits. --- tree of life. --- tree scaling. --- white noise.