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In the Earth sciences, a transition is currently occurring in multiple fields towards an integrated Earth system approach, with applications including numerical weather prediction, hydrological forecasting, climate impact studies, ocean dynamics estimation and monitoring, and carbon cycle monitoring. These approaches rely on coupled modeling techniques using Earth system models that account for an increased level of complexity of the processes and interactions between atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and terrestrial surfaces. A crucial component of Earth system approaches is the development of coupled data assimilation of satellite observations to ensure consistent initialization at the interface between the different subsystems. Going towards strongly coupled data assimilation involving all Earth system components is a subject of active research. A lot of progress is being made in the ocean–atmosphere domain, but also over land. As atmospheric models now tend to address subkilometric scales, assimilating high spatial resolution satellite data in the land surface models used in atmospheric models is critical. This evolution is also challenging for hydrological modeling. This book gathers papers reporting research on various aspects of coupled data assimilation in Earth system models. It includes contributions presenting recent progress in ocean–atmosphere, land–atmosphere, and soil–vegetation data assimilation.

land data assimilation system --- land data assimilation --- rainfall-runoff simulation --- 4D-Var data assimilation --- total water storage --- accuracy --- ocean–atmosphere assimilation --- precipitation --- Earth system models --- numerical weather prediction --- fluorescence --- GRACE --- MCA analysis --- weakly coupled data assimilation --- GPM IMERG --- atmospheric models --- rainfall correction --- remote sensing --- microwave remote sensing --- SMAP --- land surface modeling --- bending angle --- floods soil moisture --- vegetation --- GPSRO --- WRF --- merged CMORPH --- land surface model --- temperature --- 4D-Var --- data assimilation --- data-driven methods --- GSI --- radio occultation data --- rainfall --- soil moisture --- sea level anomaly --- total cloud cover --- land surface models --- Mediterranean basin --- interpolation --- sea surface height --- drought --- TRMM 3B42 --- analog data assimilation --- ocean models

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This reprint focuses on experiments, modellings, and simulations of heat transfer and fluid flow. Flowing media comprise single- or two-phase fluids that can be both compressible and incompressible. The reprint presents unique experiments and solutions to problems of scientific and industrial relevance in the transportation of natural resources, technical devices, industrial processes, etc. In the presented works, the formulated physical and mathematical models together with their boundary and initial conditions and numerical computation methods for constitutive equations lead to solutions for selected examples in engineering.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- hydraulic transients --- water hammer --- viscoelasticity --- cross-section change --- fluidic oscillator --- bending angle --- frequency --- pressure drop --- peak velocity ratio --- aerodynamic analyses --- unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations --- natural convection --- van der Waals gas --- analytical solution --- heat transfer in non-Newtonian slurry --- damping of turbulence --- Nusselt number for slurry --- heat pipe heat exchanger --- wickless heat pipe --- heat transfer --- individually finned tubes --- heat transfer analysis --- non-contacting mechanical face seal --- variable order derivative integral transform --- ribbed channel --- large eddy simulation --- immersed boundary method --- conjugate heat transfer --- thermal conductivity ratio --- retarded strain --- cavitation --- unsteady friction --- method of characteristics --- vortex generator --- arrangement --- numerical simulation --- plate-fin and tube heat exchanger --- air-side Nusselt number --- different heat transfer coefficient in particular tube row --- mathematical simulation --- CFD simulation --- labyrinth seal --- leakage --- design method --- kinetic energy --- inverse problem --- steam turbines --- gas turbines --- fluid-flow machines --- electric vehicle --- battery thermal management system --- optimization --- lattice Boltzmann method --- hydrostatic transmission --- hydrostatic transmission start up --- hydraulic drive --- n/a